fix: make container.sweep opt-in (#1389)

Sweeping removed every container a job started through its Docker proxy, which silently tore down services that jobs deploy to the runner's own Docker daemon. Deploying from a runner on the target host is common, so `container.sweep` now defaults to `false` and CI-only runners can opt in with `container.sweep: true`.

Fixes https://gitea.com/gitea/runner/issues/1385

Reviewed-on: https://gitea.com/gitea/runner/pulls/1389
Reviewed-by: bircni <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: silverwind <[email protected]>

.gitea/workflows/pull-pr-title.yml

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ jobs:
     - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7
     - uses: actions/setup-node@949feb2413d6458794dcd2491c4babbbce0c15c1 # v7
       with:
-        node-version: 24
+        node-version: 26
     - run: make lint-pr-title
       env:
         PR_TITLE: ${{ github.event.pull_request.title }}

.gitea/workflows/release-nightly.yml

@@ -34,6 +34,13 @@ jobs:
         with:
           go-version-file: "go.mod"
           check-latest: true
+      - name: Import GPG key
+        id: import_gpg
+        uses: crazy-max/ghaction-import-gpg@2dc316deee8e90f13e1a351ab510b4d5bc0c82cd # v7
+        with:
+          gpg_private_key: ${{ secrets.GPG_PRIVATE_KEY }}
+          passphrase: ${{ secrets.PASSPHRASE }}
+          fingerprint: CC64B1DB67ABBEECAB24B6455FC346329753F4B0
       - name: goreleaser
         uses: goreleaser/goreleaser-action@a4f02ab5355a589de60d917a659ce617ed19b3de # v7
         with:
@@ -47,6 +54,7 @@ jobs:
           R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: ${{ secrets.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
           GORELEASER_FORCE_TOKEN: "gitea"
           GITEA_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          GPG_FINGERPRINT: ${{ steps.import_gpg.outputs.fingerprint }}
 
   release-image:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest

.gitea/workflows/test.yml

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
       # daemon retains them between runs, and their digest pins skip the registry when it has them.
       - name: pre-pull test images
         env:
-          TEST_JOB_IMAGE: node:24-bookworm-slim@sha256:55fb5f5a527ea2c5c4a95f963e48ef90aa38c7b346054fdc8ee9957a2b55d205 # renovate: datasource=docker
+          TEST_JOB_IMAGE: node:26-bookworm-slim@sha256:bc0a2afd3b74ce12222fc8bab99271e66257f021078f5f4a5d687a77d280c1d9 # renovate: datasource=docker
           TEST_SERVICE_IMAGE: nginx:alpine@sha256:a3554c0d0b48177b1413c26e01f695334428020d9df01243fbae3e11cfd17417 # renovate: datasource=docker
         run: |
           for image in "$TEST_JOB_IMAGE" "$TEST_SERVICE_IMAGE"; do
@@ -57,6 +57,32 @@ jobs:
           make coverage-report
           cat .tmp/coverage.md >> "$GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY"
 
+  windows:
+    name: test on windows
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest-kvm
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1 # v7
+      - uses: ./.gitea/actions/go-setup
+      - name: prepare anonymous docker config
+        run: mkdir -p "$DOCKER_CONFIG" && echo '{}' > "$DOCKER_CONFIG/config.json"
+      - name: windows vm cache key
+        id: windows-vm
+        run: echo "key=windows-vm-$(grep '^WINDOWS_TEST_IMAGE' Makefile | cat - scripts/test-windows.sh scripts/test-windows-setup.ps1 | sha256sum | cut -c1-16)" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
+      - uses: actions/cache/restore@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cache/windows-vm
+          key: ${{ steps.windows-vm.outputs.key }}
+      - name: test on windows
+        id: test-windows
+        run: WINDOWS_TEST_CACHE="$HOME/.cache/windows-vm" make test-windows
+        env:
+          WINDOWS_TEST_TIMEOUT: 45
+      - if: always() && steps.test-windows.outputs.save-cache == 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
+        with:
+          path: ~/.cache/windows-vm
+          key: ${{ steps.windows-vm.outputs.key }}
+
   e2e:
     name: gitea compatibility (${{ matrix.gitea_image }})
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest

.gitignore

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 /gitea-runner
+/gitea-runner.exe
 .env
 !/act/runner/testdata/secrets/.env
 .runner

.golangci.yml

@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@ linters:
           deny:
             - pkg: golang.org/x/exp
               desc: it's experimental and unreliable
+            - pkg: unsafe
+              desc: use typed APIs instead
         logging:
           files:
             - $all

.goreleaser.yaml

@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@ builds:
       goarch: s390x
     - goos: windows
       goarch: arm
-    - goos: windows
-      goarch: arm64
     - goos: freebsd
       goarch: s390x
     - goos: freebsd
@@ -82,6 +80,7 @@ builds:
 publishers:
   - name: cloudflare-r2
     checksum: true
+    signature: true
     extra_files:
       - glob: ./**.xz
       - glob: ./**.sha256
@@ -102,6 +101,10 @@ checksum:
   extra_files:
       - glob: ./**.xz
 
+signs:
+  - artifacts: checksum
+    args: ["--batch", "-u", "{{ .Env.GPG_FINGERPRINT }}", "--output", "${signature}", "--detach-sign", "${artifact}"]
+
 snapshot:
   version_template: "{{ .Branch }}-devel"
 

DEVELOPMENT.md

@@ -23,11 +23,14 @@ depending on the prefix:
   covers both forms: it escapes `%` first, so a literal `%3B` becomes `%253B` that the extra
   `##[…]` rules cannot match, and a raw `;` or `]` is never decoded. It is also what makes
   multi-line work, `\n` becomes `%0A` and the UI turns it back into a line break.
-- **Forwarding a command from step output?** Leave the payload alone, it arrived escaped and is
-  decoded once. Decoding here double-decodes and destroys multi-line.
+- **Forwarding a command from step output?** Preserve its escaping unless masking changes it.
+  Decoding for display happens in the UI.
 - **No prefix?** Do not escape, and split multi-line values into one row each.
-- **Interpolating a secret?** Masking runs after escaping, so `AppendSecretMasker` registers the
-  encoded forms too.
+- **Interpolating a secret?** Masking runs after escaping. Recognised command payloads are
+  normalised before masking to cover partially escaped values. Their original escaping is
+  preserved when no replacement occurs. `AppendSecretMasker` also registers encoded forms for
+  other output. Complete nonblank one-character values are masked, while one-byte fragments
+  of multiline values are skipped.
 - Command *properties* also escape `%3A` and `%2C`, which the UI never decodes, so the command
   handler folds an annotation's location into its decoded message and escapes the result again.
 
@@ -57,12 +60,25 @@ Each lives in `internal/pkg/action/<name>` and is registered in `builtinActions`
 
 `make test-e2e` runs the runner against `E2E_GITEA_IMAGE`. It defaults to the nightly image.
 It requires Docker and is excluded from `make test`. CI runs stable and nightly variants in
-parallel.
+parallel. Outside a container it runs `go test` in a Linux container on its own network, as CI does,
+so both take the same paths. `E2E_ARGS` passes extra flags, e.g. `make test-e2e E2E_ARGS='-run TestCompatibility/dispatch'`.
 
 The `cli_*` scenarios build the binary and drive `register` and `daemon` as a user would, including `--once`,
-`--labels` and shutdown with a running job. `failure_paths` covers failed, skipped, tolerated and timed-out jobs.
-`label_routing` and `capacity` cover scheduling, `reconnect` drops the connection to Gitea through a proxy, and
-`host_mode` and `reusable_workflow` cover host labels and `workflow_call`.
+`--labels` and shutdown with a running job. `failure_paths` covers failed, skipped and tolerated jobs, `job_timeout`
+a job killed at the runner's deadline. `label_routing` and `capacity` cover scheduling, `reconnect` drops the
+connection to Gitea through a proxy, and `host_mode` and `reusable_workflow` cover host labels and `workflow_call`.
+`dispatch`, `failure_paths` and `reusable_workflow` run in every mode: through the daemon and `exec`, each on
+Docker and Kubernetes.
 
-The suite shares one Gitea and regular runner. Cache and ephemeral scenarios use isolated
+The suite shares one Gitea, regular runner and k3s cluster. Cache and ephemeral scenarios use isolated
 repository runners. A run path is `<workflow>@<ref>` and a log row is `<timestamp>Z <payload>`.
+
+## Windows tests
+
+`make test-windows` cross-compiles the test binaries, installs Windows Server 2025 Core in a
+[dockur/windows](https://github.com/dockur/windows) QEMU VM on the docker host and runs them there.
+The host must be amd64 and allow privileged containers. `WINDOWS_TEST_TIMEOUT` sets the minutes
+allowed for installing Windows and running the tests, 165 by default. The VM uses KVM when the host
+has `/dev/kvm`, otherwise Windows is emulated and much slower. Docker-backed tests skip in the VM
+and the race detector is off, it needs cgo. `WINDOWS_TEST_CACHE` names a directory to keep the
+installed Windows in, so later runs skip the install. CI runs this on every pull request.

Dockerfile

@@ -19,14 +19,15 @@ RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/go/pkg/mod \
 ### DIND VARIANT
 #
 #
-FROM docker:29.9.1-dind AS dind
+FROM docker:29.9.3-dind AS dind
 
 ARG VERSION=dev
 
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.source="https://gitea.com/gitea/runner"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.version="${VERSION}"
 
-RUN apk add --no-cache s6 bash git tzdata nftables
+# upgrade first: the docker base image can lag behind Alpine security fixes
+RUN apk upgrade --no-cache && apk add --no-cache s6 bash git tzdata nftables
 
 COPY --from=builder /opt/src/runner/gitea-runner /usr/local/bin/gitea-runner
 COPY scripts/run.sh /usr/local/bin/run.sh
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ ENTRYPOINT ["s6-svscan","/etc/s6"]
 ### DIND-ROOTLESS VARIANT
 #
 #
-FROM docker:29.9.1-dind-rootless AS dind-rootless
+FROM docker:29.9.3-dind-rootless AS dind-rootless
 
 ARG VERSION=dev
 
@@ -49,7 +50,8 @@ LABEL org.opencontainers.image.source="https://gitea.com/gitea/runner"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.version="${VERSION}"
 
 USER root
-RUN apk add --no-cache s6 bash git tzdata nftables
+# upgrade first: the docker base image can lag behind Alpine security fixes
+RUN apk upgrade --no-cache && apk add --no-cache s6 bash git tzdata nftables
 
 COPY --from=builder /opt/src/runner/gitea-runner /usr/local/bin/gitea-runner
 COPY scripts/run.sh /usr/local/bin/run.sh
@@ -75,7 +77,7 @@ ARG VERSION=dev
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.source="https://gitea.com/gitea/runner"
 LABEL org.opencontainers.image.version="${VERSION}"
 
-RUN apk add --no-cache tini bash git tzdata
+RUN apk upgrade --no-cache && apk add --no-cache tini bash git tzdata
 
 COPY --from=builder /opt/src/runner/gitea-runner /usr/local/bin/gitea-runner
 COPY scripts/run.sh /usr/local/bin/run.sh

Makefile

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 DIST := dist
-EXECUTABLE := gitea-runner
 GO ?= go
+EXECUTABLE := gitea-runner$(shell $(GO) env GOEXE)
 HAS_GO = $(shell hash $(GO) > /dev/null 2>&1 && echo "GO" || echo "NOGO" )
 
 PODMAN_TEST_IMAGE ?= quay.io/containers/podman:v5.8.9-immutable@sha256:87f42f37fa85b421664c30b8f5f9cfc23920057f5e5fcadf0b6f68d9edc6d415 # renovate: datasource=docker
-E2E_JOB_IMAGE ?= docker.gitea.com/runner-images:ubuntu-latest@sha256:8856b200466e9a5af9cc0d4de4ca96f73547833bcdddf9a567189ff772c4d372 # renovate: datasource=docker
+E2E_JOB_IMAGE ?= docker.gitea.com/runner-images:ubuntu-latest@sha256:657378e5cfd898e36f820459c60ef8e69be8fcda9fd354e4381a8b654d091bbc # renovate: datasource=docker
 SERVICE_IMAGE ?= nginx:1.31.7-alpine@sha256:892bb2152464f0c5d8972593a5f5afaf8054552580b699d95f8ff4af08c2d33d # renovate: datasource=docker
 E2E_GITEA_IMAGE ?= gitea/gitea:main-nightly
 E2E_K3S_IMAGE ?= rancher/k3s:v1.37.1-k3s1@sha256:ca7f37d993d82ef0dcdcfecb2e0e2618ea541dbaffc620c8cedebe01a82acd0d # renovate: datasource=docker
+WINDOWS_TEST_IMAGE ?= dockurr/windows:6.06@sha256:16fd7c39a3e48bb946d29c59dc6015942e5b900a1fa5d7e5552053bfc48ee2ea # renovate: datasource=docker
 
 GOFILES := $(shell find . -type f -name "*.go" -o -name "go.mod" ! -name "generated.*")
 
@@ -150,11 +151,15 @@ coverage-report: ## turn coverage.txt from `make test` into .tmp/coverage.md
 test-dind: ## run the daemon-facing tests against the built dind image or podman (TARGET=dind|dind-rootless|podman)
 	@PODMAN_TEST_IMAGE=$(PODMAN_TEST_IMAGE) ./scripts/test-dind.sh $(TARGET)
 
+.PHONY: test-windows
+test-windows: ## run the tests on Windows Server Core in a QEMU VM on the docker host
+	@GO=$(GO) WINDOWS_TEST_IMAGE=$(WINDOWS_TEST_IMAGE) ./scripts/test-windows.sh
+
 E2E_CONCURRENCY ?= 8
 
 .PHONY: test-e2e
 test-e2e: ## run Gitea compatibility tests against E2E_GITEA_IMAGE
-	@E2E_CONCURRENCY=$(E2E_CONCURRENCY) E2E_GITEA_IMAGE=$(E2E_GITEA_IMAGE) E2E_K3S_IMAGE=$(E2E_K3S_IMAGE) E2E_JOB_IMAGE=$(E2E_JOB_IMAGE) GO=$(GO) SERVICE_IMAGE=$(SERVICE_IMAGE) ./tools/test-e2e.sh
+	@E2E_CONCURRENCY=$(E2E_CONCURRENCY) E2E_GITEA_IMAGE=$(E2E_GITEA_IMAGE) E2E_K3S_IMAGE=$(E2E_K3S_IMAGE) E2E_JOB_IMAGE=$(E2E_JOB_IMAGE) GO=$(GO) SERVICE_IMAGE=$(SERVICE_IMAGE) ./tools/test-e2e.sh $(E2E_ARGS)
 
 .PHONY: install
 install: $(GOFILES) ## install the runner binary via `go install`

act/artifactcache/doc.go

@@ -6,7 +6,5 @@
 //
 // Inspired by https://github.com/sp-ricard-valverde/github-act-cache-server
 //
-// TODO: Authorization
-// TODO: Restrictions for accessing a cache, see https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/caching-dependencies-to-speed-up-workflows#restrictions-for-accessing-a-cache
 // TODO: Force deleting cache entries, see https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/caching-dependencies-to-speed-up-workflows#force-deleting-cache-entries
 package artifactcache

act/artifactcache/handler.go

@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ type credKey struct{}
 type JobCredential struct {
 	Repo string `json:"repo"`
 
+	Ref        string `json:"ref"`
+	BaseRef    string `json:"base_ref"`
+	DefaultRef string `json:"default_ref"`
+
 	// Results is the instance whose artifact service this server forwards for the job, and
 	// InsecureTLS how the runner reaches it; see results.go.
 	Results     string `json:"-"`
@@ -68,6 +72,10 @@ type JobCredential struct {
 	PublicURL string `json:"public_url"`
 }
 
+func (cred JobCredential) owns(cache *Cache) bool {
+	return cache.Repo == cred.Repo && cache.Ref == cred.Ref
+}
+
 // credEntry holds a registered job's credential along with an active
 // registration count. RegisterJob is reference-counted so that if two tasks
 // briefly share an ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN — e.g. a runner that retries a task
@@ -96,7 +104,8 @@ type Handler struct {
 	stopSync context.CancelFunc
 	syncing  sync.WaitGroup
 
-	outboundIP string
+	outboundIP        string
+	instanceTransport http.RoundTripper
 
 	// internalSecret guards /_internal/{register,revoke}. When set, a remote
 	// runner can use these endpoints to pre-register per-job
@@ -116,7 +125,7 @@ type Handler struct {
 
 	policy Policy
 
-	// freeDisk is a field so tests can drive evictForFreeSpace without a full volume.
+	// freeDisk is a field so tests can drive makeRoom without a full volume.
 	freeDisk func(string) (uint64, error)
 }
 
@@ -135,19 +144,21 @@ type Options struct {
 	// in-process RegisterJob method directly.
 	InternalSecret string
 
-	Policy Policy
-	Logger *logging.Logger
+	Policy            Policy
+	Logger            *logging.Logger
+	InstanceTransport http.RoundTripper // reaches the instance artifact requests are forwarded to, nil for http.DefaultTransport
 }
 
 // StartHandler starts an embedded cache or forwards cache requests to Upstream.
 func StartHandler(opts Options) (*Handler, error) {
 	dir, logger := opts.Dir, opts.Logger
 	h := &Handler{
-		creds:          make(map[string]*credEntry),
-		internalSecret: opts.InternalSecret,
-		policy:         opts.Policy.withDefaults(),
-		freeDisk:       disk.FreeBytes,
-		dbLock:         make(chan struct{}, 1),
+		creds:             make(map[string]*credEntry),
+		internalSecret:    opts.InternalSecret,
+		policy:            opts.Policy.withDefaults(),
+		freeDisk:          disk.FreeBytes,
+		dbLock:            make(chan struct{}, 1),
+		instanceTransport: opts.InstanceTransport,
 	}
 
 	if logger == nil {
@@ -653,7 +664,7 @@ func (h *Handler) find(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	cache, err := h.lookupCache(db, cred.Repo, keys, version)
+	cache, err := h.lookupCache(db, cred, keys, version)
 	if err != nil {
 		h.responseJSON(w, r, 500, err)
 		return
@@ -669,26 +680,27 @@ func (h *Handler) find(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	})
 }
 
-// lookupCache returns the entry to restore for these keys, or (nil, nil) when there is none:
-// either nothing matched, or the match had lost its blob to a prune, in which case the dangling
-// entry is dropped on the way out.
-func (h *Handler) lookupCache(db *cacheDB, repo string, keys []string, version string) (*Cache, error) {
-	cache, err := findCache(db, repo, keys, version)
-	if err != nil || cache == nil {
-		return nil, err
+// lookupCache returns the entry to restore or (nil, nil), dropping matches whose blob was pruned.
+func (h *Handler) lookupCache(db *cacheDB, cred JobCredential, keys []string, version string) (*Cache, error) {
+	for {
+		cache, err := findCache(db, cred, keys, version)
+		if err != nil || cache == nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		ok, err := h.storage.Exist(cache.ID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if ok {
+			// Handing out a download URL counts as access, or eviction could drop the entry between
+			// this call and the GET that follows it.
+			h.touch(db, cache)
+			return cache, nil
+		}
+		if !h.deleteCache(db, cache) {
+			return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil // absence is not an error here
+		}
 	}
-	ok, err := h.storage.Exist(cache.ID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	if !ok {
-		h.deleteCache(db, cache)
-		return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil // absence is not an error here
-	}
-	// Handing out a download URL counts as access, or eviction could drop the entry between
-	// this call and the GET that follows it.
-	h.touch(db, cache)
-	return cache, nil
 }
 
 // POST /_apis/artifactcache/caches
@@ -700,7 +712,7 @@ func (h *Handler) reserve(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	cache := &Cache{Repo: cred.Repo, Key: api.Key, Version: api.Version, Size: api.Size}
+	cache := &Cache{Repo: cred.Repo, Ref: cred.Ref, Key: api.Key, Version: api.Version, Size: api.Size}
 	if cache.Size == 0 {
 		cache.Size = -1
 	}
@@ -749,7 +761,7 @@ func (h *Handler) upload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if cache.Repo != cred.Repo {
+	if !cred.owns(cache) {
 		h.responseJSON(w, r, 403, fmt.Errorf("cache %d: forbidden", id))
 		return
 	}
@@ -764,6 +776,7 @@ func (h *Handler) upload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		h.responseJSON(w, r, 400, err)
 		return
 	}
+	h.makeRoom(r.ContentLength)
 	if err := h.storage.Write(cache.ID, start, r.Body); err != nil {
 		h.responseJSON(w, r, 500, err)
 		return
@@ -808,7 +821,7 @@ func (h *Handler) commit(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if cache.Repo != cred.Repo {
+	if !cred.owns(cache) {
 		h.responseJSON(w, r, 403, fmt.Errorf("cache %d: forbidden", id))
 		return
 	}
@@ -866,11 +879,8 @@ func (h *Handler) commitCache(cache *Cache) error {
 	if h.s3 != nil {
 		return nil // lifecycle rules on the bucket bound its size
 	}
-	// A commit is the only thing that grows the store, so the only thing that can push the
-	// volume under the floor.
 	h.evictRepo(db, cache.Repo)
 	h.evictTotal(db)
-	h.evictForFreeSpace(db)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -1071,25 +1081,35 @@ func (h *Handler) signedArtifactURL(cred JobCredential, cacheID uint64, exp time
 	return h.signedURL(cred, apiPath+"/artifacts", "", cacheID, exp)
 }
 
-// if not found, return (nil, nil) instead of an error.
-func findCache(db *cacheDB, repo string, keys []string, version string) (*Cache, error) {
-	for _, prefix := range keys {
-		// if a key in the list matches exactly, don't return partial matches
-		exact, err := findExactCache(db, repo, prefix, version, true)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+// findCache tries every key in one ref before the next ref, and returns (nil, nil) on a miss.
+func findCache(db *cacheDB, cred JobCredential, keys []string, version string) (*Cache, error) {
+	refs := []string{cred.Ref}
+	for _, ref := range []string{cred.BaseRef, cred.DefaultRef} {
+		if ref != "" && !slices.Contains(refs, ref) {
+			refs = append(refs, ref)
 		}
-		if exact != nil {
-			return exact, nil
-		}
-		caches, err := db.find(func(cache *Cache) bool {
-			return cache.Repo == repo && strings.HasPrefix(cache.Key, prefix) && cache.Version == version && cache.Complete
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("find cache: %w", err)
-		}
-		if cache := latest(caches, (*Cache).createdAtNano); cache != nil {
-			return cache, nil
+	}
+	caches, err := db.find(func(cache *Cache) bool {
+		return cache.Repo == cred.Repo && cache.Version == version && cache.Complete && slices.Contains(refs, cache.Ref) &&
+			slices.ContainsFunc(keys, func(prefix string) bool { return strings.HasPrefix(cache.Key, prefix) })
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("find cache: %w", err)
+	}
+	for _, ref := range refs {
+		for _, prefix := range keys {
+			var exact, partial []*Cache
+			for _, cache := range caches {
+				if cache.Ref == ref && cache.Key == prefix {
+					exact = append(exact, cache)
+				} else if cache.Ref == ref && strings.HasPrefix(cache.Key, prefix) {
+					partial = append(partial, cache)
+				}
+			}
+			// if a key in the list matches exactly, don't return partial matches
+			if cache := cmp.Or(latest(exact, (*Cache).createdAtNano), latest(partial, (*Cache).createdAtNano)); cache != nil {
+				return cache, nil
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil // pre-existing issue from nektos/act
@@ -1111,9 +1131,9 @@ func latest(caches []*Cache, stamp func(*Cache) int64) *Cache {
 // A completed entry is the one to restore, sorted by when it was written. An incomplete one is a
 // reservation being uploaded to, sorted by when it was last written to, because the upload route
 // touches UsedAt on every part.
-func findExactCache(db *cacheDB, repo, key, version string, complete bool) (*Cache, error) {
+func findExactCache(db *cacheDB, cred JobCredential, key, version string, complete bool) (*Cache, error) {
 	caches, err := db.find(func(cache *Cache) bool {
-		return cache.Key == key && cache.Repo == repo && cache.Version == version && cache.Complete == complete
+		return cred.owns(cache) && cache.Key == key && cache.Version == version && cache.Complete == complete
 	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("find cache: %w", err)
@@ -1154,9 +1174,6 @@ func (h *Handler) touchCache(id uint64, requireIncomplete bool) error {
 	defer db.Close()
 
 	cache, err := db.get(id)
-	if errors.Is(err, errCacheNotFound) {
-		return nil
-	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -1241,23 +1258,29 @@ func (h *Handler) gcCache() {
 	h.evictExpired(db)
 	h.evictSuperseded(db)
 	h.evictOversized(db)
-	h.evictForFreeSpace(db)
+	_ = db.Close()
+	h.makeRoom(0)
 }
 
-// evictForFreeSpace bounds the volume itself, so it also covers bytes the cache never
-// accounted for.
-func (h *Handler) evictForFreeSpace(db *cacheDB) {
+// makeRoom evicts the least recently used entries to keep need bytes above the floor, as GitHub saves new over old.
+func (h *Handler) makeRoom(need int64) {
 	free, err := h.freeDisk(h.dir)
 	if err != nil {
 		h.logger.Debugf("free disk check: %v", err) // unsupported platform, treat as unavailable rather than full
 		return
 	}
-	if free >= uint64(h.policy.MinFreeDisk) {
+	shortfall := h.policy.MinFreeDisk + max(need, 0) - int64(free)
+	if h.s3 != nil || shortfall <= 0 {
 		return
 	}
+	db, err := h.openDB()
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	defer db.Close()
 
 	caches := h.completedByUse(db)
-	total, shortfall := totalSize(caches), h.policy.MinFreeDisk-int64(free)
+	total := totalSize(caches)
 	if total <= shortfall {
 		// Say so, or shedding everything and still being short reads as the backstop working.
 		h.logger.Warnf("cache volume is %d MiB short of the free space floor with only %d MiB of cache on it; something else is filling it", shortfall/miB, total/miB)
@@ -1280,13 +1303,12 @@ func (h *Handler) evictExpired(db *cacheDB) {
 	h.sweep(db, func(cache *Cache) bool { return cache.UsedAt < expired })
 }
 
-// evictSuperseded removes entries a newer one with the same key and version replaced. The
-// grouping includes Repo so two repos sharing a (key, version) do not evict each other.
+// evictSuperseded removes entries a newer one with the same repo, ref, key and version replaced.
 func (h *Handler) evictSuperseded(db *cacheDB) {
-	type entry struct{ repo, key, version string }
+	type entry struct{ repo, ref, key, version string }
 	groups := make(map[entry][]*Cache)
 	for _, cache := range h.caches(db, func(cache *Cache) bool { return cache.Complete }) {
-		group := entry{cache.Repo, cache.Key, cache.Version}
+		group := entry{cache.Repo, cache.Ref, cache.Key, cache.Version}
 		groups[group] = append(groups[group], cache)
 	}
 	for _, caches := range groups {

act/artifactcache/handler_test.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"testing/iotest"
 	"testing/synctest"
 	"time"
 
@@ -673,7 +674,7 @@ func TestHandler_evictPolicy(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-func TestHandler_evictForFreeSpace(t *testing.T) {
+func TestHandler_makeRoom(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	free := func(n int64) func(string) (uint64, error) {
 		return func(string) (uint64, error) { return uint64(n), nil }
@@ -682,14 +683,16 @@ func TestHandler_evictForFreeSpace(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tc := range []struct {
 		name     string
 		freeDisk func(string) (uint64, error)
+		upload   int64
 		kept     []string
 	}{
-		{"ample free space evicts nothing", free(defaultMinFreeDisk), []string{"oldest", "middle", "newest"}},
-		{"a small shortfall sheds one entry", free(defaultMinFreeDisk - 4*miB), []string{"middle", "newest"}},
-		{"a shortfall the cache cannot cover sheds all of it", free(0), nil},
+		{"ample free space evicts nothing", free(defaultMinFreeDisk), 0, []string{"oldest", "middle", "newest"}},
+		{"room for an upload sheds the oldest entry", free(defaultMinFreeDisk), 4 * miB, []string{"middle", "newest"}},
+		{"a shortfall the cache cannot cover sheds all of it", free(0), 0, nil},
 		{
 			"an unreadable volume is treated as unavailable, not as full",
 			func(string) (uint64, error) { return 0, errors.New("unsupported") },
+			0,
 			[]string{"oldest", "middle", "newest"},
 		},
 	} {
@@ -702,11 +705,7 @@ func TestHandler_evictForFreeSpace(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 			handler := newTestHandler(t, Policy{}, entries...)
 			handler.freeDisk = tc.freeDisk
-
-			db, err := handler.openDB()
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			handler.evictForFreeSpace(db)
-			require.NoError(t, db.Close())
+			handler.makeRoom(tc.upload)
 
 			assert.ElementsMatch(t, tc.kept, keptKeys(t, handler, entries))
 		})
@@ -759,11 +758,55 @@ func TestHandler_PrefixUsesNewestReservationWithinSecond(t *testing.T) {
 	db, err := handler.openDB()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer db.Close()
-	cache, err := findCache(db, testRepo, []string{"deps-"}, "v")
+	cache, err := findCache(db, JobCredential{Repo: testRepo}, []string{"deps-"}, "v")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	require.Equal(t, newer, cache)
 }
 
+func TestHandler_RestoreRefs(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	const main, release, pull = "refs/heads/main", "refs/heads/release", "refs/pull/1/head"
+	now := time.Now().Unix()
+	entry := func(ref, key string, age int64) *Cache {
+		return &Cache{Repo: testRepo, Ref: ref, Key: key, Version: "v", Complete: true, CreatedAt: now - 3600 + age, UsedAt: now}
+	}
+	exactOnMain := entry(main, "deps-exact", -1)
+	onRelease := entry(release, "deps-release", 0)
+	onMain := entry(main, "deps-main", 1)
+	onPull := entry(pull, "deps-pull", 2)
+	unscoped := entry("", "deps-unscoped", 3)
+	handler := newTestHandler(t, Policy{}, exactOnMain, onRelease, onMain, onPull, unscoped, entry("refs/pull/2/head", "deps-lost", 4))
+	for _, cache := range []*Cache{exactOnMain, onRelease, onMain, onPull, unscoped} {
+		writeBlob(t, handler, cache.ID)
+	}
+
+	db, err := handler.openDB()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer db.Close()
+
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name string
+		cred JobCredential
+		keys []string
+		want *Cache
+	}{
+		{"the default branch never restores what a pull request wrote", JobCredential{Ref: main, DefaultRef: main}, []string{"deps-"}, onMain},
+		{"a pull request restores its own entry first", JobCredential{Ref: pull, BaseRef: release, DefaultRef: main}, []string{"deps-"}, onPull},
+		{"a pull request falls back past a lost blob to its base branch before the default branch", JobCredential{Ref: "refs/pull/2/head", BaseRef: release, DefaultRef: main}, []string{"deps-"}, onRelease},
+		{"a branch does not restore a sibling branch", JobCredential{Ref: "refs/heads/other", DefaultRef: main}, []string{"deps-"}, onMain},
+		{"a prefix in the own ref wins over an exact key in the default branch", JobCredential{Ref: release, DefaultRef: main}, []string{"deps-exact", "deps-"}, onRelease},
+		{"a job with a ref never restores entries saved without one", JobCredential{Ref: "refs/heads/other"}, []string{"deps-"}, nil},
+		{"a job without a ref only restores entries saved without one", JobCredential{}, []string{"deps-"}, unscoped},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			tc.cred.Repo = testRepo
+			cache, err := handler.lookupCache(db, tc.cred, tc.keys, "v")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.want, cache)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestHandler_evictOnCommit(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	full := &Cache{Repo: testRepo, Key: "full", Version: "v", Complete: true, Size: 4 * miB, UsedAt: time.Now().Add(-time.Hour).Unix()}
@@ -808,6 +851,9 @@ func TestHandler_touchCacheSkipsFreshCompletedEntries(t *testing.T) {
 func newTestHandler(t *testing.T, policy Policy, entries ...*Cache) *Handler {
 	t.Helper()
 	handler := startTestHandler(t, Options{Policy: policy})
+	if len(entries) == 0 {
+		return handler
+	}
 
 	db, err := handler.openDB()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -844,6 +890,13 @@ func keptKeys(t *testing.T, handler *Handler, entries []*Cache) []string {
 	return kept
 }
 
+func TestStorageDropsFailedWrites(t *testing.T) {
+	storage, err := NewStorage(t.TempDir())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Error(t, storage.Write(1, 0, io.MultiReader(strings.NewReader("partial"), iotest.ErrReader(io.ErrUnexpectedEOF))))
+	assert.NoFileExists(t, storage.tempName(1, 0))
+}
+
 func writeBlob(t *testing.T, handler *Handler, id uint64) {
 	t.Helper()
 	require.NoError(t, handler.storage.Write(id, 0, strings.NewReader("a")))
@@ -890,6 +943,10 @@ func TestHandler_RejectsBearer(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestHandler_UnregisterRevokes(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
+	handler, err := StartHandler(Options{Dir: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "artifactcache")})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer handler.Close()
+
 	for _, tc := range []struct {
 		name          string
 		token         string
@@ -900,9 +957,6 @@ func TestHandler_UnregisterRevokes(t *testing.T) {
 		{"reference counted", "shared", "v", 2},
 	} {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			handler, err := StartHandler(Options{Dir: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "artifactcache")})
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			defer handler.Close()
 			revokers := make([]func(), tc.registrations)
 			for i := range revokers {
 				revokers[i] = handler.RegisterJob(tc.token, JobCredential{Repo: testRepo})
@@ -938,6 +992,7 @@ func TestHandler_CrossRepoIsolation(t *testing.T) {
 	defer handler.Close()
 	handler.RegisterJob("token-a", JobCredential{Repo: "owner/repoA"})
 	handler.RegisterJob("token-b", JobCredential{Repo: "owner/repoB"})
+	handler.RegisterJob("token-a-pull", JobCredential{Repo: "owner/repoA", Ref: "refs/pull/1/head"})
 
 	base := handler.ExternalURL() + apiPath
 	key := "shared-key"
@@ -972,13 +1027,20 @@ func TestHandler_CrossRepoIsolation(t *testing.T) {
 	resp.Body.Close()
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, resp.StatusCode)
 
-	req, err = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPatch, fmt.Sprintf("%s/caches/%d", base, id), bytes.NewReader([]byte("poison")))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	req.Header.Set("Content-Range", "bytes 0-5/*")
-	resp, err = clientB.Do(req)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	resp.Body.Close()
-	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusForbidden, resp.StatusCode)
+	for _, client := range []*http.Client{clientB, {Transport: &bearerTransport{token: "token-a-pull"}}} {
+		req, err = http.NewRequest(http.MethodPatch, fmt.Sprintf("%s/caches/%d", base, id), bytes.NewReader([]byte("poison")))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		req.Header.Set("Content-Range", "bytes 0-5/*")
+		resp, err = client.Do(req)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		resp.Body.Close()
+		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusForbidden, resp.StatusCode)
+
+		resp, err = client.Post(fmt.Sprintf("%s/caches/%d", base, id), "", nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		resp.Body.Close()
+		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusForbidden, resp.StatusCode)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestHandler_ArtifactSignature(t *testing.T) {
@@ -991,9 +1053,8 @@ func TestHandler_ArtifactSignature(t *testing.T) {
 
 	base := handler.ExternalURL() + apiPath
 	good := signArtifactURL(handler, 1)
-	other, err := StartHandler(Options{Dir: filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "artifactcache2")})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	defer other.Close()
+	secret := bytes.Clone(handler.secret)
+	secret[0] ^= 1
 
 	for _, tc := range []struct {
 		name string
@@ -1002,7 +1063,7 @@ func TestHandler_ArtifactSignature(t *testing.T) {
 		{"missing signature", fmt.Sprintf("%s/artifacts/%d", base, 1)},
 		{"tampered signature", good[:len(good)-4] + "dead"},
 		{"expired signature", handler.signedArtifactURL(JobCredential{}, 1, time.Now().Add(-time.Second))},
-		{"signature from a different server", base + strings.SplitN(signArtifactURL(other, 1), apiPath, 2)[1]},
+		{"signature from a different server", base + strings.SplitN(signArtifactURL(&Handler{secret: secret}, 1), apiPath, 2)[1]},
 	} {
 		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
 			resp, err := testClient.Get(tc.url)
@@ -1083,49 +1144,20 @@ func TestHandler_ArtifactSignatureDownload(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, content, body)
 }
 
-func TestHandler_GC_PerRepoDedup(t *testing.T) {
+func TestHandler_GC_DedupPerRepoAndRef(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	dir := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "artifactcache")
-	handler, err := StartHandler(Options{Dir: dir})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	defer handler.Close()
-	handler.RegisterJob("tok-a", JobCredential{Repo: "owner/repoA"})
-	handler.RegisterJob("tok-b", JobCredential{Repo: "owner/repoB"})
-
-	key := "shared-dedup-key"
-	version := "c19da02a2bd7e77277f1ac29ab45c09b7d46a4ee758284e26bb3045ad11d9d20"
-
-	db, err := handler.openDB()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
 	now := time.Now().Unix()
 	stale := time.Now().Add(-inUseGrace - time.Minute).Unix()
-	a := &Cache{Repo: "owner/repoA", Key: key, Version: version, Complete: true, CreatedAt: stale, UsedAt: stale, Size: 1}
-	b := &Cache{Repo: "owner/repoB", Key: key, Version: version, Complete: true, CreatedAt: now, UsedAt: now, Size: 1}
-	require.NoError(t, handler.insertCache(db, a))
-	require.NoError(t, handler.insertCache(db, b))
-	require.NoError(t, handler.storage.Write(a.ID, 0, strings.NewReader("a")))
-	_, err = handler.storage.Commit(a.ID, 1)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, handler.storage.Write(b.ID, 0, strings.NewReader("b")))
-	_, err = handler.storage.Commit(b.ID, 1)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, db.Close())
-
+	entries := []*Cache{
+		{Repo: "owner/repoA", Key: "shared", Version: "v", Complete: true, CreatedAt: stale, UsedAt: stale, Size: 1},
+		{Repo: "owner/repoB", Key: "shared", Version: "v", Complete: true, CreatedAt: now, UsedAt: now, Size: 1},
+		{Repo: "owner/repoA", Ref: "refs/pull/1/head", Key: "shared", Version: "v", Complete: true, CreatedAt: now, UsedAt: now, Size: 1},
+	}
+	handler := newTestHandler(t, Policy{}, entries...)
 	handler.gcAt = time.Time{}
 	handler.gcCache()
 
-	db, err = handler.openDB()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	defer db.Close()
-	after, err := db.find(func(cache *Cache) bool { return cache.Key == key && cache.Version == version })
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	repos := make(map[string]bool)
-	for _, c := range after {
-		repos[c.Repo] = true
-	}
-	assert.True(t, repos["owner/repoA"], "repoA's cache must survive dedup against repoB")
-	assert.True(t, repos["owner/repoB"], "repoB's cache must survive dedup against repoA")
+	assert.Len(t, keptKeys(t, handler, entries), len(entries))
 }
 
 func TestHandler_InternalAPI_Disabled(t *testing.T) {
@@ -1190,10 +1222,10 @@ func TestHandler_InternalAPI_AuthAndUsage(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusUnauthorized, probe("via-internal-api"))
-		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, post("/_internal/register", secret, `{"token":"via-internal-api","repo":"owner/repo","public_url":"http://runner.example","results":"https://gitea.example","insecure_tls":true}`))
+		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, post("/_internal/register", secret, `{"token":"via-internal-api","repo":"owner/repo","ref":"refs/pull/1/head","base_ref":"refs/heads/release","default_ref":"refs/heads/main","public_url":"http://runner.example","results":"https://gitea.example","insecure_tls":true}`))
 		cred, ok := handler.lookupCredential("via-internal-api")
 		require.True(t, ok)
-		assert.Equal(t, JobCredential{Repo: testRepo, PublicURL: "http://runner.example"}, cred)
+		assert.Equal(t, JobCredential{Repo: testRepo, Ref: "refs/pull/1/head", BaseRef: "refs/heads/release", DefaultRef: "refs/heads/main", PublicURL: "http://runner.example"}, cred)
 		assert.NotEqual(t, http.StatusUnauthorized, probe("via-internal-api"))
 		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, post("/_internal/revoke", secret, `{"token":"via-internal-api"}`))
 		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusUnauthorized, probe("via-internal-api"))

act/artifactcache/handler_v2.go

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ func (h *Handler) v2CreateCacheEntry(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	// An exact (key, version) match means the entry is already cached; the client then skips
 	// the upload. A prefix match must not count here, or a shorter key would be reported as
 	// existing and silently never saved.
-	if existing, err := findExactCache(db, cred.Repo, req.Key, req.Version, true); err != nil {
+	if existing, err := findExactCache(db, cred, req.Key, req.Version, true); err != nil {
 		h.twirpError(w, r, twirpInternal, err)
 		return
 	} else if existing != nil {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func (h *Handler) v2CreateCacheEntry(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 	// A second live reservation is finalized by whichever job calls last, against the other's upload.
 	owner := hashedToken(bearerToken(r))
-	if pending, err := findExactCache(db, cred.Repo, req.Key, req.Version, false); err != nil {
+	if pending, err := findExactCache(db, cred, req.Key, req.Version, false); err != nil {
 		h.twirpError(w, r, twirpInternal, err)
 		return
 	} else if pending != nil && pending.UsedAt > time.Now().Add(-uploadStallTimeout).Unix() {
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ func (h *Handler) v2CreateCacheEntry(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	now := time.Now()
 	cache := &Cache{
 		Repo:           cred.Repo,
+		Ref:            cred.Ref,
 		Key:            req.Key,
 		Version:        req.Version,
 		Owner:          owner,
@@ -137,13 +138,13 @@ func (h *Handler) v2FinalizeCacheEntryUpload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Requ
 	}
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	cache, err := findExactCache(db, cred.Repo, req.Key, req.Version, false)
+	cache, err := findExactCache(db, cred, req.Key, req.Version, false)
 	if err == nil && cache != nil && cache.Owner != hashedToken(bearerToken(r)) {
 		cache = nil // not the reservation this job made, so not this job's to commit
 	}
 	if err == nil && cache == nil {
 		// A retry whose first response was lost finds the entry already committed.
-		cache, err = findExactCache(db, cred.Repo, req.Key, req.Version, true)
+		cache, err = findExactCache(db, cred, req.Key, req.Version, true)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		h.twirpError(w, r, twirpInternal, err)
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ func (h *Handler) v2GetCacheEntryDownloadURL(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Requ
 	}
 	defer db.Close()
 
-	cache, err := h.lookupCache(db, cred.Repo, req.keys(), req.Version)
+	cache, err := h.lookupCache(db, cred, req.keys(), req.Version)
 	if err != nil {
 		h.twirpError(w, r, twirpInternal, err)
 		return
@@ -217,6 +218,7 @@ func (h *Handler) v2UploadBlob(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		h.responseJSON(w, r, http.StatusBadRequest, err)
 		return
 	}
+	h.makeRoom(r.ContentLength)
 
 	query := r.URL.Query()
 	switch strings.ToLower(query.Get("comp")) {

act/artifactcache/handler_v2_test.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -84,6 +85,8 @@ func TestCacheServiceV2RoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 
 	unsigned := fmt.Sprintf("%s%s/1", handler.ExternalURL(), blobPath)
 	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusUnauthorized, putBlob(t, unsigned, content))
+	unreserved := handler.signedURL(JobCredential{Repo: testRepo}, blobPath, blobUploadPurpose, 1, time.Now().Add(time.Minute))
+	assert.Equal(t, http.StatusBadRequest, putBlob(t, unreserved, content))
 
 	finalized, uploadURL := saveV2(t, handler, "deps-v1", "abc123", content)
 	require.Equal(t, true, finalized["ok"])
@@ -231,6 +234,24 @@ func TestCacheServiceV2Lookups(t *testing.T) {
 		got := v2Call(t, handler, otherClient, "GetCacheEntryDownloadURL", map[string]any{"key": "deps-abc", "version": "v1"})
 		assert.Equal(t, false, got["ok"])
 	})
+
+	t.Run("each ref saves and restores its own entry for the same key", func(t *testing.T) {
+		clients := map[string]*http.Client{"x": testClient}
+		for _, ref := range []string{"y", "z"} {
+			handler.RegisterJob(ref, JobCredential{Repo: testRepo, Ref: "refs/pull/" + ref + "/head"})
+			clients[ref] = &http.Client{Transport: &bearerTransport{token: ref}}
+			created := v2Call(t, handler, clients[ref], "CreateCacheEntry", map[string]any{"key": "deps-abc", "version": "v1"})
+			require.Equal(t, true, created["ok"])
+			require.Equal(t, http.StatusCreated, putBlob(t, created["signed_upload_url"].(string), []byte(ref)))
+		}
+		for _, ref := range []string{"y", "z"} {
+			require.Equal(t, true, v2Call(t, handler, clients[ref], "FinalizeCacheEntryUpload", map[string]any{"key": "deps-abc", "version": "v1", "size_bytes": 1})["ok"])
+		}
+		for content, client := range clients {
+			got := v2Call(t, handler, client, "GetCacheEntryDownloadURL", map[string]any{"key": "deps-abc", "version": "v1"})
+			assert.Equal(t, content, string(getURL(t, got["signed_download_url"].(string))))
+		}
+	})
 }
 
 func TestCacheServiceV2RefusalsAreTwirp(t *testing.T) {

act/artifactcache/model.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ type Request struct {
 type Cache struct {
 	ID             uint64 `json:"id"`
 	Repo           string `json:"repo"`
+	Ref            string `json:"ref,omitzero"`
 	Key            string `json:"key"`
 	Version        string `json:"version"`
 	Size           int64  `json:"cacheSize"`

act/artifactcache/results.go

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ func (h *Handler) forwardOrNotFound(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 			h.twirpError(w, r, twirpInternal, fmt.Errorf("cache server cannot reach the artifact service at %s: %w", target, err))
 		},
 	}
-	if cred.InsecureTLS {
+	if proxy.Transport = h.instanceTransport; proxy.Transport == nil && cred.InsecureTLS { // the instance transport carries runner.insecure and the client cert
 		proxy.Transport = insecureTransport
 	}
 	proxy.ServeHTTP(w, r)

act/artifactcache/results_test.go

@@ -133,3 +133,20 @@ func TestFrontResultsService(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestFrontResultsServiceForwardsThroughTheInstanceTransport(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	gitea := httptest.NewTLSServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(writer http.ResponseWriter, _request *http.Request) { _, _ = io.WriteString(writer, "{}") }))
+	defer gitea.Close()
+	handler, err := StartHandler(Options{Dir: t.TempDir(), OutboundIP: "127.0.0.1", InstanceTransport: gitea.Client().Transport})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer handler.Close()
+	defer handler.RegisterJob("token", JobCredential{Results: gitea.URL})()
+
+	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(t.Context(), http.MethodPost, handler.ExternalURL()+artifactServicePath+"CreateArtifact", nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	resp, err := (&http.Client{Transport: &bearerTransport{token: "token"}}).Do(req)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
+	require.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, resp.StatusCode)
+}

act/artifactcache/storage.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"encoding/json/v2"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/http"
@@ -51,9 +52,10 @@ func (s *Storage) writeFile(name string, reader io.Reader) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	defer file.Close()
-
 	_, err = io.Copy(file, reader)
+	if err = errors.Join(err, file.Close()); err != nil {
+		_ = os.Remove(name)
+	}
 	return err
 }
 
@@ -102,50 +104,46 @@ func (s *Storage) Commit(id uint64, size int64) (int64, error) {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 	written, err := assemble(name, tempNames)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+	if err == nil && size >= 0 && written != size { // old clients like actions/cache@v2 send no size
+		err = fmt.Errorf("broken file: %v != %v", written, size)
 	}
-	// If size is less than 0, it means the size is unknown.
-	// We can't check the size of the file, just skip the check.
-	// It happens when the request comes from old versions of actions, like `actions/cache@v2`.
-	if size >= 0 && written != size {
+	if err != nil {
 		_ = os.Remove(name)
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("broken file: %v != %v", written, size)
+		return 0, err
 	}
 	return written, nil
 }
 
-// assemble concatenates the uploaded parts into name. A single part, which is what the v2 API
-// produces below the client's block threshold, is already the whole archive and is moved.
+// assemble appends the parts into the first, deleting each once copied, so it never needs twice the space.
 func assemble(name string, tempNames []string) (int64, error) {
-	if len(tempNames) == 1 {
-		info, err := os.Stat(tempNames[0])
-		if err != nil {
-			return 0, err
-		}
-		return info.Size(), os.Rename(tempNames[0], name)
+	if len(tempNames) == 0 {
+		return 0, errors.New("nothing was uploaded")
 	}
-
-	file, err := os.Create(name)
+	if err := os.Rename(tempNames[0], name); err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	file, err := os.OpenFile(name, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_APPEND, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 	defer file.Close()
-
-	var written int64
-	for _, v := range tempNames {
-		f, err := os.Open(v)
+	for _, v := range tempNames[1:] {
+		part, err := os.Open(v)
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
-		n, err := io.Copy(file, f)
-		_ = f.Close()
+		_, err = io.Copy(file, part)
+		_ = part.Close()
 		if err != nil {
 			return 0, err
 		}
-		written += n
+		_ = os.Remove(v)
 	}
-	return written, nil
+	info, err := file.Stat()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return info.Size(), file.Close()
 }
 
 func (s *Storage) Serve(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, id uint64) {

act/artifacts/server_test.go

@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ func TestSafeResolve(t *testing.T) {
 
 	for name, tc := range tests {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			require.Equal(t, tc.want, safeResolve(baseDir, tc.input))
+			require.Equal(t, filepath.FromSlash(tc.want), safeResolve(baseDir, tc.input))
 		})
 	}
 }

act/common/executor.go

@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ package common
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"math/rand/v2"
 	"runtime/debug"
+	"time"
 
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/common/logging"
 )
@@ -158,6 +160,28 @@ func (e Executor) IfBool(conditional bool) Executor {
 	})
 }
 
+// RetryBackoff is the wait between Retry's attempts, random between 1 and 10 seconds like GitHub's runner.
+var RetryBackoff = func() time.Duration { return time.Second + rand.N(9*time.Second) }
+
+// Retry runs the executor up to attempts times until it succeeds.
+func (e Executor) Retry(attempts int) Executor {
+	return func(ctx context.Context) error {
+		for attempt := 1; ; attempt++ {
+			err := e(ctx)
+			if err == nil || attempt == attempts || ctx.Err() != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			backoff := RetryBackoff()
+			Logger(ctx).Warnf("%v, retrying in %s", err, backoff.Round(time.Second))
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return err
+			case <-time.After(backoff):
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // Finally adds an executor to run after other executor
 func (e Executor) Finally(finally Executor) Executor {
 	return func(ctx context.Context) error {

act/common/executor_test.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -134,6 +135,31 @@ func TestExecutorConditionalsAndFinally(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"if-true", "if-not", "if-bool", "main", "finally"}, calls)
 }
 
+func TestExecutorRetryStopsOnSuccessOrAfterAllAttempts(t *testing.T) {
+	backoff := RetryBackoff
+	RetryBackoff = func() time.Duration { return 0 }
+	t.Cleanup(func() { RetryBackoff = backoff })
+	transient := errors.New("transient")
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		failures, calls int
+		err             error
+	}{
+		{failures: 2, calls: 3},
+		{failures: 5, calls: 3, err: transient},
+	} {
+		var calls int
+		err := Executor(func(context.Context) error {
+			calls++
+			if calls <= tc.failures {
+				return transient
+			}
+			return nil
+		}).Retry(3)(t.Context())
+		require.Equal(t, tc.err, err)
+		require.Equal(t, tc.calls, calls)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestExecutorFinallyReturnsFinallyErrorWithOriginal(t *testing.T) {
 	finalErr := errors.New("cleanup failed")
 	for _, mainErr := range []error{context.Canceled, nil} {

act/common/git/fetch_action.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math/rand/v2"
 	"net"
@@ -29,6 +30,10 @@ import (
 
 var actionFetches sync.Map
 
+var symlink = (*os.Root).Symlink
+
+var symlinkFallback = runtime.GOOS == "windows"
+
 const treeSizes = ".sizes" // beside the tree rather than in it, which is copied into job containers as it is
 
 type treeFile struct {
@@ -229,6 +234,8 @@ func extractTree(ctx context.Context, archive io.Reader, dir string, strip bool)
 
 	sha := ""
 	sizes := map[string]int64{}
+	links := map[string]string{}
+	var deferred []string
 	reader := tar.NewReader(archive)
 	for {
 		header, err := reader.Next()
@@ -257,9 +264,8 @@ func extractTree(ctx context.Context, archive io.Reader, dir string, strip bool)
 		case tar.TypeReg:
 			sizes[name], err = writeTreeFile(root, name, header.Mode, reader)
 		case tar.TypeSymlink:
-			if err = root.Symlink(header.Linkname, name); err != nil && runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
-				sizes[name], err = writeTreeFile(root, name, 0, strings.NewReader(header.Linkname))
-			}
+			links[filepath.Clean(name)] = header.Linkname
+			deferred = append(deferred, filepath.Clean(name))
 		}
 		if err != nil {
 			return "", err
@@ -268,12 +274,166 @@ func extractTree(ctx context.Context, archive io.Reader, dir string, strip bool)
 	if !isFullObjectID(sha) {
 		return "", errors.New("the archive names no commit")
 	}
+	linksByParent := map[string][]string{}
+	if symlinkFallback {
+		for name := range links {
+			linksByParent[filepath.Dir(name)] = append(linksByParent[filepath.Dir(name)], filepath.Base(name))
+		}
+	}
+	for requireTarget := symlinkFallback; len(deferred) > 0; {
+		unresolved := deferred[:0]
+		for _, name := range deferred {
+			if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+				return "", err
+			}
+			if requireTarget {
+				if _, err := root.Stat(filepath.Dir(name) + string(filepath.Separator) + links[name]); err != nil {
+					unresolved = append(unresolved, name)
+					continue
+				}
+			}
+			if err := symlink(root, links[name], name); err == nil || !symlinkFallback {
+				if err != nil {
+					return "", err
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			if err := copyTreeLink(ctx, root, name, links, linksByParent, sizes); err != nil {
+				return "", fmt.Errorf("materialize symlink %q: %w", filepath.ToSlash(name), err)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(unresolved) == len(deferred) {
+			requireTarget = false
+		}
+		deferred = unresolved
+	}
 	if err := root.Close(); err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
 	return sha, installTree(ctx, dir, sha, temp, sizes)
 }
 
+func resolveTreeLink(name string, links map[string]string) (string, bool) {
+	if !filepath.IsLocal(name) {
+		return "", false
+	}
+	parts := strings.Split(name, string(filepath.Separator))
+	var resolved []string
+	for count := 0; len(parts) > 0; {
+		part := parts[0]
+		parts = parts[1:]
+		switch part {
+		case "", ".":
+			continue
+		case "..":
+			if len(resolved) == 0 {
+				return "", false
+			}
+			resolved = resolved[:len(resolved)-1]
+			continue
+		}
+		target, ok := links[filepath.Join(append(resolved, part)...)]
+		if !ok {
+			resolved = append(resolved, part)
+			continue
+		}
+		count++
+		if target == "" || os.IsPathSeparator(target[0]) || filepath.VolumeName(target) != "" || count > 255 {
+			return "", false
+		}
+		parts = append(strings.Split(filepath.FromSlash(target), string(filepath.Separator)), parts...)
+	}
+	return filepath.Join(append([]string{"."}, resolved...)...), true
+}
+
+var (
+	errTreeLinkTarget = errors.New("unmaterializable symlink target")
+	errTreeLinkCycle  = fmt.Errorf("cyclic %w", errTreeLinkTarget)
+)
+
+func copyTreeLink(ctx context.Context, root *os.Root, name string, links map[string]string, linksByParent map[string][]string, sizes map[string]int64) error {
+	writeLinkText := func(destination, target string) error { // as git writes links it cannot create
+		if err := root.RemoveAll(destination); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for written := range sizes {
+			if written == destination || strings.HasPrefix(written, destination+string(filepath.Separator)) {
+				delete(sizes, written)
+			}
+		}
+		size, err := writeTreeFile(root, destination, 0o644, strings.NewReader(target))
+		sizes[destination] = size
+		return err
+	}
+	active := map[string]bool{}
+	var copyTarget func(string, string) error
+	copyTarget = func(source, destination string) error {
+		if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		source, ok := resolveTreeLink(source, links)
+		if !ok {
+			return errTreeLinkTarget
+		}
+		file, err := root.Open(source)
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+				return errTreeLinkTarget
+			}
+			return err
+		}
+		defer file.Close()
+		info, err := file.Stat()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if info.Mode().IsRegular() {
+			sizes[destination], err = writeTreeFile(root, destination, int64(info.Mode().Perm()), file)
+			return err
+		}
+		if !info.IsDir() {
+			return errTreeLinkTarget
+		}
+		if active[source] {
+			return errTreeLinkCycle
+		}
+		active[source] = true
+		defer delete(active, source)
+		entries, err := file.ReadDir(-1)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		children := map[string]bool{}
+		for _, entry := range entries {
+			children[entry.Name()] = true
+		}
+		for _, child := range linksByParent[source] {
+			children[child] = true
+		}
+		if err := root.MkdirAll(destination, info.Mode().Perm()); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for child := range children {
+			childSource, childDestination := filepath.Join(source, child), filepath.Join(destination, child)
+			err := copyTarget(childSource, childDestination)
+			if target, isLink := links[childSource]; isLink && errors.Is(err, errTreeLinkTarget) && !errors.Is(err, errTreeLinkCycle) {
+				err = writeLinkText(childDestination, target)
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	if err := copyTarget(name, name); !errors.Is(err, errTreeLinkTarget) {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return writeLinkText(name, links[name])
+}
+
 var lockTree = AcquireCloneLock // replaced in tests to see installTree wait for a job holding the tree
 
 // installTree moves temp into place as dir/sha, replacing a tree that failed treeIntact.

act/common/git/fetch_action_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/base64"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/cgi"
@@ -35,11 +36,12 @@ func TestFetchAction(t *testing.T) {
 
 	root := t.TempDir()
 	remote := filepath.Join(root, "org", "action")
-	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("init", "--initial-branch=main", remote))
+	require.NoError(t, os.CopyFS(remote, os.DirFS(filepath.Join(gitFixtureDir, "work"))))
 	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(remote, "action.yml"), []byte("name: action\n"), 0o644))
 	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(remote, "run.sh"), []byte("#!/bin/sh\n"), 0o755))
 	require.NoError(t, os.Symlink("action.yml", filepath.Join(remote, "link")))
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", remote, "add", "."))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", remote, "update-index", "--chmod=+x", "run.sh"))
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", remote, "commit", "-m", "initial"))
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", remote, "tag", "v1"))
 	expectedSha := gitRevParse(t, remote, "main")
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@ func TestFetchAction(t *testing.T) {
 	var archiveRequests []http.Header
 	var mirror *httptest.Server
 	archiveCache := map[string][]byte{}
+	revisions := map[string]string{}
 	requests, archives, failures := 0, "", 0
 	handler := http.HandlerFunc(func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
 		mu.Lock()
@@ -77,7 +80,14 @@ func TestFetchAction(t *testing.T) {
 			http.Redirect(writer, request, mirror.URL+request.URL.Path, http.StatusFound)
 			return
 		}
-		sha, _ := gitOutput(request.Context(), remote, "rev-parse", strings.TrimSuffix(ref, ".tar.gz"))
+		sha, ok := revisions[ref]
+		if !ok {
+			var err error
+			sha, err = gitOutput(request.Context(), remote, "rev-parse", strings.TrimSuffix(ref, ".tar.gz"))
+			if err == nil {
+				revisions[ref] = sha
+			}
+		}
 		etag := fmt.Sprintf(`W/"%s-tar.gz-%t"`, sha, archives != "unprefixed")
 		if request.Header.Get("If-None-Match") == etag {
 			writer.WriteHeader(http.StatusNotModified)
@@ -192,7 +202,9 @@ func TestFetchAction(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NoDirExists(t, filepath.Join(tree, ".git"))
 		info, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(tree, "run.sh"))
 		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, os.FileMode(0o755), info.Mode().Perm())
+		if runtime.GOOS != "windows" {
+			assert.EqualValues(t, 0o755, info.Mode().Perm())
+		}
 		link, err := os.Readlink(filepath.Join(tree, "link"))
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, "action.yml", link)
@@ -204,6 +216,9 @@ func TestFetchAction(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", remote, "commit", "--allow-empty", "-m", "moved"))
 		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", remote, "tag", "--force", "v1"))
 		expectedSha = gitRevParse(t, remote, "v1")
+		mu.Lock()
+		clear(revisions)
+		mu.Unlock()
 		moved, movedSha, err := FetchAction(t.Context(), input)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, expectedSha, movedSha)
@@ -249,7 +264,7 @@ func TestFetchAction(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("downloads again over a tree whose files changed size or that has no record, not under a job copying it", func(t *testing.T) {
-		sha := gitRevParse(t, remote, "main")
+		sha := expectedSha
 		for _, mode := range []string{"prefixed", "none"} {
 			serve(mode, 0)
 			input := newInput(sha)
@@ -391,6 +406,79 @@ func TestExtractTreeConfinesEntries(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestExtractTreeCopiesDeferredLinks(t *testing.T) {
+	originalSymlink, originalFallback := symlink, symlinkFallback
+	symlink = func(_root *os.Root, _target, _name string) error { return errors.New("symlink privilege unavailable") }
+	symlinkFallback = true
+	t.Cleanup(func() { symlink, symlinkFallback = originalSymlink, originalFallback })
+
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		name  string
+		links [][2]string
+		files []string
+		text  bool
+	}{
+		{name: "file chain", links: [][2]string{{"index.js", "entry.js"}, {"entry.js", "dist/index.js"}}, files: []string{"index.js", "entry.js"}},
+		{name: "directory chain", links: [][2]string{{"lib", "bundle"}, {"bundle", "dist"}, {"dist/entry.js", "index.js"}}, files: []string{"lib/index.js", "lib/entry.js", "lib/nested/index.js", "bundle/index.js", "bundle/entry.js", "bundle/nested/index.js"}},
+		{name: "directory in target path", links: [][2]string{{"index.js", "bundle/nested/index.js"}, {"bundle", "dist"}}, files: []string{"index.js", "bundle/nested/index.js"}},
+		{name: "parent after directory link", links: [][2]string{{"index.js", "bundle/../index.js"}, {"bundle", "dist/nested"}}, files: []string{"index.js", "bundle/index.js"}},
+		{name: "outside", links: [][2]string{{"index.js", "../outside.js"}}, text: true},
+		{name: "absolute", links: [][2]string{{"index.js", t.TempDir()}}, text: true},
+		{name: "dangling", links: [][2]string{{"index.js", "missing.js"}}, text: true},
+		{name: "dangling child of directory link", links: [][2]string{{"lib", "dist"}, {"dist/optional", "missing.js"}}, files: []string{"lib/index.js", "lib/nested/index.js"}},
+		{name: "cycle", links: [][2]string{{"index.js", "entry.js"}, {"entry.js", "index.js"}}, text: true},
+		{name: "directory cycle", links: [][2]string{{"dist/loop", "."}}, text: true},
+	} {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			sha := strings.Repeat("a", 40)
+			var archive bytes.Buffer
+			writer := tar.NewWriter(&archive)
+			require.NoError(t, writer.WriteHeader(&tar.Header{Typeflag: tar.TypeXGlobalHeader, PAXRecords: map[string]string{"comment": sha}}))
+			require.NoError(t, writer.WriteHeader(&tar.Header{Name: "dist", Typeflag: tar.TypeDir, Mode: 0o755}))
+			require.NoError(t, writer.WriteHeader(&tar.Header{Name: "dist/nested", Typeflag: tar.TypeDir, Mode: 0o755}))
+			for _, link := range test.links {
+				require.NoError(t, writer.WriteHeader(&tar.Header{Name: link[0], Typeflag: tar.TypeSymlink, Linkname: link[1]}))
+			}
+			content := "console.log('action');\n"
+			for _, name := range []string{"dist/index.js", "dist/nested/index.js"} {
+				require.NoError(t, writer.WriteHeader(&tar.Header{Name: name, Typeflag: tar.TypeReg, Mode: 0o755, Size: int64(len(content))}))
+				_, err := writer.Write([]byte(content))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+			require.NoError(t, writer.Close())
+
+			dir := t.TempDir()
+			_, err := extractTree(t.Context(), &archive, dir, false)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.True(t, treeIntact(dir, sha))
+			if test.text {
+				for _, link := range test.links {
+					data, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dir, sha, link[0]))
+					require.NoError(t, err)
+					assert.Equal(t, link[1], string(data))
+					info, err := os.Lstat(filepath.Join(dir, sha, link[0]))
+					require.NoError(t, err)
+					assert.True(t, info.Mode().IsRegular())
+				}
+			}
+			for _, name := range test.files {
+				data, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dir, sha, name))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, content, string(data))
+				info, err := os.Lstat(filepath.Join(dir, sha, name))
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.True(t, info.Mode().IsRegular())
+				if runtime.GOOS != "windows" {
+					assert.Equal(t, os.FileMode(0o755), info.Mode().Perm())
+				}
+				require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, sha, name), nil, 0o644))
+				assert.False(t, treeIntact(dir, sha), name)
+				require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, sha, name), []byte(content), 0o755))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestTreeIntactFindsNamesThatAreNotUTF8(t *testing.T) {
 	if runtime.GOOS != "linux" {
 		t.Skip("macOS and Windows store no name that is not UTF-8")
@@ -410,3 +498,76 @@ func TestTreeIntactFindsNamesThatAreNotUTF8(t *testing.T) {
 	require.FileExists(t, filepath.Join(dir, sha, "caf\xe9.js"))
 	assert.True(t, treeIntact(dir, sha))
 }
+
+func TestExtractTreeCreatesLinksInPlatformOrder(t *testing.T) {
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		t.Skip("requires symlink privileges")
+	}
+	original, originalFallback := symlink, symlinkFallback
+	var created []string
+	symlink = func(root *os.Root, target, name string) error {
+		created = append(created, name)
+		return root.Symlink(target, name)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { symlink, symlinkFallback = original, originalFallback })
+
+	var archive bytes.Buffer
+	writer := tar.NewWriter(&archive)
+	require.NoError(t, writer.WriteHeader(&tar.Header{Typeflag: tar.TypeXGlobalHeader, PAXRecords: map[string]string{"comment": strings.Repeat("a", 40)}}))
+	for _, entry := range []*tar.Header{
+		{Name: "a", Typeflag: tar.TypeSymlink, Linkname: "b"},
+		{Name: "b", Typeflag: tar.TypeSymlink, Linkname: "dist"},
+		{Name: "dangling", Typeflag: tar.TypeSymlink, Linkname: "missing"},
+		{Name: "dist", Typeflag: tar.TypeDir, Mode: 0o755},
+	} {
+		require.NoError(t, writer.WriteHeader(entry))
+	}
+	require.NoError(t, writer.Close())
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		name     string
+		fallback bool
+		want     []string
+	}{
+		{name: "native", want: []string{"a", "b", "dangling"}},
+		{name: "fallback", fallback: true, want: []string{"b", "a", "dangling"}},
+	} {
+		t.Run(test.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			symlinkFallback = test.fallback
+			created = nil
+			_, err := extractTree(t.Context(), bytes.NewReader(archive.Bytes()), t.TempDir(), false)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, test.want, created)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopyTreeLinkCancellationBetweenEntries(t *testing.T) {
+	root, err := os.OpenRoot(t.TempDir())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer root.Close()
+	require.NoError(t, root.Mkdir("source", 0o755))
+	for _, name := range []string{"first", "second"} {
+		_, err := writeTreeFile(root, filepath.Join("source", name), 0o644, strings.NewReader("content"))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+	sizes := map[string]int64{}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
+	defer cancel()
+	observed := &treeCopyContext{Context: ctx, check: func() {
+		if len(sizes) == 1 {
+			cancel()
+		}
+	}}
+	require.ErrorIs(t, copyTreeLink(observed, root, "copy", map[string]string{"copy": "source"}, nil, sizes), context.Canceled)
+	assert.Len(t, sizes, 1)
+}
+
+type treeCopyContext struct {
+	context.Context
+	check func()
+}
+
+func (ctx *treeCopyContext) Err() error {
+	ctx.check()
+	return ctx.Context.Err()
+}

act/common/git/git.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 package git
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/base64"
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/common"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/common/logging"
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/pkg/lock"
+	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/internal/pkg/process"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -183,6 +185,7 @@ type NewGitCloneExecutorInput struct {
 	// For Gitea
 	InsecureSkipTLS               bool
 	ClientCertFile, ClientKeyFile string            // PEM, absolute as git runs in other directories
+	CAFile                        string            // PEM, absolute, replaces git's CA bundle
 	Transport                     http.RoundTripper // for FetchAction's archive downloads, nil for http.DefaultTransport
 }
 
@@ -387,6 +390,21 @@ func RemoteConfig(token string, insecureSkipTLS bool) []string {
 	return config
 }
 
+// SSLConfig uses OpenSSL on Windows, as Schannel takes no PEM key and ignores sslCAInfo.
+func SSLConfig(prefix, certFile, keyFile, caFile, executionOS string) []string {
+	var config []string
+	if certFile != "" {
+		config = append(config, prefix+"sslCert="+certFile, prefix+"sslKey="+keyFile)
+	}
+	if caFile != "" {
+		config = append(config, prefix+"sslCAInfo="+caFile)
+	}
+	if config != nil && strings.EqualFold(executionOS, "windows") {
+		config = append(config, prefix+"sslBackend=openssl")
+	}
+	return config
+}
+
 // ConfigEnv applies `-c` style entries through the environment, keeping secrets out of argv.
 func ConfigEnv(config ...string) map[string]string {
 	env := map[string]string{"GIT_CONFIG_COUNT": strconv.Itoa(len(config))}
@@ -444,9 +462,7 @@ func runGitWithStdin(ctx context.Context, dir string, input *NewGitCloneExecutor
 	config := []string{"core.autocrlf=false", "core.eol=lf"} // keep action files LF
 	if input != nil {
 		config = append(config, RemoteConfig(input.Token, input.InsecureSkipTLS)...)
-		if input.ClientCertFile != "" {
-			config = append(config, "http.sslCert="+input.ClientCertFile, "http.sslKey="+input.ClientKeyFile)
-		}
+		config = append(config, SSLConfig("http.", input.ClientCertFile, input.ClientKeyFile, input.CAFile, runtime.GOOS)...)
 	}
 	if dir != "" {
 		args = append([]string{"-C", dir}, args...)
@@ -461,15 +477,28 @@ func runGitWithStdin(ctx context.Context, dir string, input *NewGitCloneExecutor
 		cmd.Env = append(cmd.Env, key+"="+value)
 	}
 	cmd.Env = append(cmd.Env, "GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT=0")
-	if runtime.GOOS != "windows" {
+	var treeKill *process.TreeKill
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		treeKill = process.NewTreeKill(cmd) // a cancelled git leaves its remote helper holding the repository otherwise
+	} else {
 		cmd.Cancel = func() error { return cmd.Process.Signal(os.Interrupt) } // lets git remove its lock files
 	}
 	cmd.WaitDelay = time.Second
+	var stdout bytes.Buffer
 	var stderr strings.Builder
+	cmd.Stdout = &stdout
 	cmd.Stderr = &stderr
-	output, err := cmd.Output()
-	if err != nil {
-		return output, fmt.Errorf("git %s: %w: %s", strings.Join(args, " "), err, strings.TrimSpace(stderr.String()))
+	err := cmd.Start()
+	if err == nil {
+		if treeKill != nil {
+			if killer, captureErr := treeKill.Capture(cmd.Process); captureErr == nil {
+				defer killer.Close()
+			}
+		}
+		err = cmd.Wait()
 	}
-	return output, nil
+	if err != nil {
+		return stdout.Bytes(), fmt.Errorf("git %s: %w: %s", strings.Join(args, " "), err, strings.TrimSpace(stderr.String()))
+	}
+	return stdout.Bytes(), nil
 }

act/common/git/git_test.go

@@ -54,6 +54,22 @@ func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 	os.Exit(code)
 }
 
+func TestSSLConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, testcase := range []struct {
+		prefix, certFile, caFile, executionOS string
+		expected                              []string
+	}{
+		{"http.https://example.com/.", "cert.pem", "ca.pem", "Windows", []string{"http.https://example.com/.sslCert=cert.pem", "http.https://example.com/.sslKey=key.pem", "http.https://example.com/.sslCAInfo=ca.pem", "http.https://example.com/.sslBackend=openssl"}},
+		{"http.", "", "ca.pem", "windows", []string{"http.sslCAInfo=ca.pem", "http.sslBackend=openssl"}},
+		{"http.", "cert.pem", "ca.pem", "Linux", []string{"http.sslCert=cert.pem", "http.sslKey=key.pem", "http.sslCAInfo=ca.pem"}},
+		{"http.", "", "", "Windows", nil},
+	} {
+		t.Run(testcase.prefix+testcase.certFile+testcase.caFile+testcase.executionOS, func(t *testing.T) {
+			assert.Equal(t, testcase.expected, SSLConfig(testcase.prefix, testcase.certFile, "key.pem", testcase.caFile, testcase.executionOS))
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestFindGitSlug(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, testcase := range []struct {
 		remoteURL string
@@ -96,8 +112,7 @@ func TestFindGitMetadataOfSHA256RepositoryUsesOrigin(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	basedir := t.TempDir()
 	const remoteURL = "https://github.com/owner/repo.git"
-	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("init", "--object-format=sha256", "--initial-branch=main", basedir))
-	require.NoError(t, os.RemoveAll(filepath.Join(basedir, ".git", "hooks")))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("init", "--template=", "--object-format=sha256", "--initial-branch=main", basedir))
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", basedir, "commit", "--allow-empty", "-m", "init"))
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", basedir, "remote", "add", "origin", remoteURL))
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", basedir, "config", "--add", "remote.origin.url", "https://github.com/other/repo.git"))
@@ -185,22 +200,20 @@ func TestGitFindRef(t *testing.T) {
 func TestGitCloneExecutor(t *testing.T) {
 	remoteDir, workDir := newGitRemote(t)
 	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(workDir, "action.sh"), []byte("#!/bin/sh\necho hi\n"), 0o755))
-	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "add", "action.sh"))
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(workDir, ".gitattributes"), []byte("*.sh text\n"), 0o644))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "add", "action.sh", ".gitattributes"))
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "commit", "-m", "initial"))
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "tag", "v2"))
-	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "-u", "origin", "main"))
-	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "origin", "v2"))
 
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "checkout", "-b", "act-fails"))
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "commit", "--allow-empty", "-m", "branch-commit"))
-	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "origin", "act-fails"))
 
 	fullSha := gitRevParse(t, workDir, "main")
 
-	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "origin", "main:refs/heads/"+fullSha[:4]))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "-u", "origin", "main", "v2", "act-fails", "main:refs/heads/"+fullSha[:4]))
 
 	hostConfig := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "gitconfig")
-	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(hostConfig, []byte("[core]\n\tautocrlf = true\n[url \""+remoteDir+"\"]\n\tinsteadOf = https://example.invalid/action\n"), 0o644))
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(hostConfig, []byte("[core]\n\tautocrlf = true\n\teol = crlf\n[url "+strconv.Quote(remoteDir)+"]\n\tinsteadOf = https://example.invalid/action\n"), 0o644))
 	t.Setenv("GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL", hostConfig)
 	t.Setenv("GIT_DIR", t.TempDir())
 
@@ -265,10 +278,10 @@ func TestGitCloneExecutor(t *testing.T) {
 func TestGitCloneExecutorReclonesWhenOriginURLChanges(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	createRemote := func(message string) string {
-		remoteDir, workDir := newGitRemote(t, message)
-		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "-u", "origin", "main"))
-
-		return remoteDir
+		dir := t.TempDir()
+		require.NoError(t, os.CopyFS(dir, os.DirFS(filepath.Join(gitFixtureDir, "work"))))
+		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", dir, "commit", "--allow-empty", "-m", message))
+		return dir
 	}
 
 	oldRemoteDir := createRemote("old-action")
@@ -388,31 +401,30 @@ func TestGitCloneExecutorShallow(t *testing.T) {
 	remoteDir, workDir := newGitRemote(t, "c1", "c2", "c3")
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "tag", "v1"))
 	unadvertisedSHA := gitRevParse(t, workDir, "HEAD~1")
-	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "-u", "origin", "main"))
-	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "origin", "v1"))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "-u", "origin", "main", "v1"))
 
 	shallowMarker := func(dir string) string { return filepath.Join(dir, ".git", "shallow") }
 
 	for name, ref := range map[string]string{"branch is cloned shallowly": "main", "tag is cloned shallowly": "v1"} {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			dir := t.TempDir()
 			require.NoError(t, NewGitCloneExecutor(NewGitCloneExecutorInput{
 				URL: remoteDir, Ref: ref, Dir: dir, Depth: 1,
 			})(t.Context()))
 			assert.FileExists(t, shallowMarker(dir), "clone should be shallow")
-			assert.Equal(t, 1, gitRevCount(t, dir), "only the tip commit should be present")
-			assert.Equal(t, "c3", gitHeadSubject(t, dir))
+			assert.Equal(t, []string{"c3"}, gitSubjects(t, dir), "only the tip commit should be present")
 		})
 	}
 
 	unadvertisedRemote := func(t *testing.T, allowUnadvertised bool) string {
 		remote := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "remote.git")
-		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("clone", "--bare", remoteDir, remote))
-		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", remote, "config", "uploadpack.allowAnySHA1InWant", strconv.FormatBool(allowUnadvertised)))
+		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("clone", "--bare", "--template=", "--config", "uploadpack.allowAnySHA1InWant="+strconv.FormatBool(allowUnadvertised), remoteDir, remote))
 		return remote
 	}
 
 	t.Run("commit hash resolves when the remote accepts a direct shallow fetch", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
 		dir := t.TempDir()
 		require.NoError(t, NewGitCloneExecutor(NewGitCloneExecutorInput{
 			URL: unadvertisedRemote(t, false), Ref: unadvertisedSHA, Dir: dir, Depth: 1,
@@ -421,6 +433,7 @@ func TestGitCloneExecutorShallow(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("commit hash is fetched shallowly, moved to another hash, then reused without reaching the remote", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
 		remote := unadvertisedRemote(t, true)
 		dir := t.TempDir()
 		cloneAt := func(ref string) error {
@@ -431,7 +444,7 @@ func TestGitCloneExecutorShallow(t *testing.T) {
 
 		require.NoError(t, cloneAt(unadvertisedSHA))
 		assert.FileExists(t, shallowMarker(dir))
-		assert.Equal(t, 1, gitRevCount(t, dir))
+		assert.Len(t, gitSubjects(t, dir), 1)
 		assert.Equal(t, unadvertisedSHA, gitRevParse(t, dir, "HEAD"))
 
 		olderSHA := gitRevParse(t, workDir, "HEAD~2")
@@ -444,6 +457,8 @@ func TestGitCloneExecutorShallow(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("moving hexadecimal-named branch updates while staying shallow", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		remoteDir, workDir := newGitRemote(t, "c2", "c3")
 		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "origin", "main:deadbeef"))
 		dir := t.TempDir()
 		clone := NewGitCloneExecutor(NewGitCloneExecutorInput{
@@ -456,19 +471,17 @@ func TestGitCloneExecutorShallow(t *testing.T) {
 		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "origin", "main:deadbeef"))
 
 		require.NoError(t, clone(t.Context()))
-		assert.Equal(t, "c4", gitHeadSubject(t, dir), "reused shallow clone should update to the new tip")
+		assert.Equal(t, []string{"c4"}, gitSubjects(t, dir), "reused shallow clone should update to the new tip")
 		assert.FileExists(t, shallowMarker(dir), "repo should remain shallow after update")
-		assert.Equal(t, 1, gitRevCount(t, dir))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("sha256 full hash is cloned shallowly, reused without the remote, and its 40-character prefix is short", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
 		remote := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "remote.git")
-		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("init", "--bare", "--object-format=sha256", "--initial-branch=main", remote))
 		work := t.TempDir()
-		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("init", "--object-format=sha256", "--initial-branch=main", work))
-		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", work, "remote", "add", "origin", remote))
+		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("init", "--template=", "--object-format=sha256", "--initial-branch=main", work))
 		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", work, "commit", "--allow-empty", "-m", "pinned"))
-		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", work, "push", "origin", "main"))
+		require.NoError(t, gitCmd("clone", "--bare", "--template=", work, remote))
 		sha := gitRevParse(t, work, "HEAD")
 		dir := t.TempDir()
 		clone := NewGitCloneExecutor(NewGitCloneExecutorInput{URL: remote, Ref: sha, Dir: dir, Depth: 1})
@@ -487,11 +500,11 @@ func TestGitCloneExecutorPinnedHashIgnoresShadowingRef(t *testing.T) {
 	pinned := gitRevParse(t, workDir, "HEAD")
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "commit", "--allow-empty", "-m", "decoy"))
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "tag", pinned))
-	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "-u", "origin", "main"))
-	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "origin", pinned))
+	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", workDir, "push", "-u", "origin", "main", pinned))
 
 	for name, depth := range map[string]int{"shallow": 1, "full clone": 0} {
 		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
 			dir := t.TempDir()
 			require.NoError(t, NewGitCloneExecutor(NewGitCloneExecutorInput{
 				URL: remoteDir, Ref: pinned, Dir: dir, Depth: depth,
@@ -523,13 +536,11 @@ func gitRevParse(t *testing.T, dir, rev string) string {
 	return strings.TrimSpace(string(out))
 }
 
-func gitRevCount(t *testing.T, dir string) int {
+func gitSubjects(t *testing.T, dir string) []string {
 	t.Helper()
-	out, err := exec.Command("git", "-C", dir, "rev-list", "--count", "HEAD").Output()
+	out, err := exec.Command("git", "-C", dir, "log", "--format=%s").Output()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	n, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(string(out)))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	return n
+	return strings.Split(strings.TrimSpace(string(out)), "\n")
 }
 
 func gitHeadSubject(t *testing.T, dir string) string {
@@ -663,7 +674,7 @@ func TestNewGitCloneExecutorFetchSendsTokenAndHonoursContext(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	dir := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "cached-action")
-	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("init", dir))
+	require.NoError(t, os.CopyFS(dir, os.DirFS(filepath.Join(gitFixtureDir, "work"))))
 	require.NoError(t, gitCmd("-C", dir, "remote", "add", "origin", server.URL))
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
@@ -676,8 +687,8 @@ func TestNewGitCloneExecutorFetchSendsTokenAndHonoursContext(t *testing.T) {
 
 	select {
 	case <-reached:
-	case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("the executor never reached the remote")
+	case err := <-done:
+		t.Fatalf("the executor finished before reaching the remote: %v", err)
 	}
 	assert.Equal(t, "Basic "+base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("token:secret")), authorization)
 	cancel()

act/common/lookup_fold.go

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package common
+
+import "strings"
+
+// LookupFold finds name in values, ignoring case where the environment does, as GitHub's inputs always do.
+func LookupFold[V any](values map[string]V, name string, caseInsensitive bool) (V, bool) {
+	if value, ok := values[name]; ok || !caseInsensitive {
+		return value, ok
+	}
+	for key, value := range values {
+		if strings.EqualFold(key, name) {
+			return value, true
+		}
+	}
+	var zero V
+	return zero, false
+}

act/container/container_types.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"path"
+	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
@@ -20,6 +21,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/moby/moby/api/types/container"
 )
 
+var hostOS = runtime.GOOS // replaced in tests
+
 // ExitCodeError reports a non-zero process exit code from a container command.
 type ExitCodeError int
 

act/container/docker_auth.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright 2021 The nektos/act Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_auth_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !windows && !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || netbsd))
+//go:build !windows && !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_build.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright 2020 The nektos/act Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ func NewDockerBuildExecutor(input NewDockerBuildExecutorInput) common.Executor {
 
 		options := client.ImageBuildOptions{
 			Tags:        []string{input.ImageTag},
+			Labels:      map[string]string{"com.gitea.runner.image": input.ImageTag}, // own image ID per tag, so removing one never deletes another job's identical build
 			Remove:      true,
 			AuthConfigs: LoadDockerAuthConfigs(ctx),
 			Dockerfile:  input.Dockerfile,
@@ -125,6 +126,10 @@ func createBuildContext(ctx context.Context, contextDir, relDockerfile string) (
 }
 
 func writeBuildContext(ctx context.Context, w io.Writer, contextDir string, includes []string, pm *patternmatcher.PatternMatcher) error {
+	contextDir, err := filepath.EvalSymlinks(contextDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	tw := tar.NewWriter(w)
 	seen := map[string]bool{}
 	hardlinks := map[uint64]string{}
@@ -132,8 +137,7 @@ func writeBuildContext(ctx context.Context, w io.Writer, contextDir string, incl
 	for _, include := range includes {
 		include = filepath.FromSlash(include)
 		var parents []parentMatch
-		root := strings.TrimSuffix(contextDir, string(filepath.Separator)) + string(filepath.Separator) + include // unlike filepath.Join, follows a symlinked context dir as docker build does
-		err := filepath.WalkDir(root, func(file string, entry fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
+		err := filepath.WalkDir(filepath.Join(contextDir, include), func(file string, entry fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
 			if err != nil {
 				return leaveOut(ctx, file, err)
 			}
@@ -210,7 +214,7 @@ func addBuildContextEntry(ctx context.Context, tw *tar.Writer, file, rel string,
 			return leaveOut(ctx, file, err)
 		}
 	}
-	header, err := tar.FileInfoHeader(noNameLookups{info}, link)
+	header, err := tar.FileInfoHeader(noNameLookups{info}, filepath.ToSlash(link))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

act/container/docker_build_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 
@@ -18,10 +18,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-func TestDockerBuildReportsDaemonError(t *testing.T) {
+func TestDockerBuildLabelsImageWithItsTagAndReportsDaemonError(t *testing.T) {
+	var labels string
 	daemon := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
 		writer.Header().Set("API-Version", "1.47")
 		if strings.HasSuffix(request.URL.Path, "/build") {
+			labels = request.URL.Query().Get("labels")
 			writer.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 			writer.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
 			_, _ = io.WriteString(writer, `{"message":"build rejected"}`)
@@ -35,22 +37,23 @@ func TestDockerBuildReportsDaemonError(t *testing.T) {
 	require.ErrorContains(t, NewDockerBuildExecutor(NewDockerBuildExecutorInput{
 		ImageTag: "action:test", Dockerfile: "Dockerfile", BuildContext: strings.NewReader(""),
 	})(t.Context()), "build rejected")
+	require.JSONEq(t, `{"com.gitea.runner.image":"action:test"}`, labels)
 }
 
 func TestCreateBuildContextFollowsDockerignoreAndSymlinkedRootButKeepsDockerfile(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.Mkdir(filepath.Join(dir, "build"), 0o755))
 	for name, content := range map[string]string{
 		".dockerignore": "*.log\nbuild\n!build/keep.txt\nDockerfile", "Dockerfile": "FROM scratch", "a.txt": "a",
 		"a.log": "log", "build/drop.txt": "drop", "build/keep.txt": "keep",
 	} {
-		require.NoError(t, os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(dir, filepath.Dir(name)), 0o755))
 		require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, name), []byte(content), 0o644))
 	}
 	require.NoError(t, os.Mkdir(filepath.Join(dir, "empty"), 0o755))
 
 	contexts := []string{dir}
 	if link := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "link"); os.Symlink(dir, link) == nil {
-		contexts = append(contexts, link+string(filepath.Separator))
+		contexts = append(contexts, link, link+string(filepath.Separator))
 	}
 
 	for _, contextDir := range contexts {

act/container/docker_build_unix.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !WITHOUT_DOCKER && (linux || darwin || netbsd)
+//go:build !WITHOUT_DOCKER && (linux || darwin || netbsd || freebsd)
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_build_unix_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !WITHOUT_DOCKER && (linux || darwin || netbsd)
+//go:build !WITHOUT_DOCKER && (linux || darwin || netbsd || freebsd)
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_cli.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright 2022 The nektos/act Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 // This file is based on https://github.com/docker/cli/blob/4a63305d74332de5ceba7fcbccbc3cbb7412f5ba/cli/command/container/opts.go with:
 // * appended with license information
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ type containerConfig struct {
 // parse parses the args for the specified command and generates a Config,
 // a HostConfig and returns them with the specified command.
 // If the specified args are not valid, it will return an error.
-func parse(flags *pflag.FlagSet, copts *containerOptions, serverOS string) (*containerConfig, error) { //nolint:gocyclo,unparam // verbatim copy from docker/cli
+func parse(flags *pflag.FlagSet, copts *containerOptions, serverOS string) (*containerConfig, error) { //nolint:gocyclo // verbatim copy from docker/cli
 	var (
 		attachStdin  = copts.attach.Get("stdin")
 		attachStdout = copts.attach.Get("stdout")
@@ -724,6 +724,10 @@ func parse(flags *pflag.FlagSet, copts *containerOptions, serverOS string) (*con
 	}, nil
 }
 
+func isUserDefinedNetwork(mode container.NetworkMode) bool { // Docker's helper uses the host OS instead of the daemon's.
+	return !mode.IsDefault() && mode != network.NetworkBridge && mode != network.NetworkHost && !mode.IsNone() && !mode.IsContainer()
+}
+
 // parseNetworkOpts converts --network advanced options to endpoint-specs, and combines
 // them with the old --network-alias and --links. If returns an error if conflicting options
 // are found.
@@ -752,7 +756,7 @@ func parseNetworkOpts(copts *containerOptions) (map[string]*network.EndpointSett
 	}
 
 	for i, n := range copts.netMode.Value() {
-		if container.NetworkMode(n.Target).IsUserDefined() {
+		if isUserDefinedNetwork(container.NetworkMode(n.Target)) {
 			hasUserDefined = true
 		} else {
 			hasNonUserDefined = true
@@ -814,7 +818,7 @@ func applyContainerOptions(n *opts.NetworkAttachmentOpts, copts *containerOption
 	}
 	// For a user-defined network, "--link" is an endpoint option, it creates an alias. But,
 	// for the default bridge it defines a legacy-link.
-	if container.NetworkMode(n.Target).IsUserDefined() && copts.links.Len() > 0 {
+	if isUserDefinedNetwork(container.NetworkMode(n.Target)) && copts.links.Len() > 0 {
 		n.Links = slices.Clone(copts.links.GetSlice())
 	}
 	if copts.ipv4Address != nil {
@@ -840,7 +844,7 @@ func parseNetworkAttachmentOpt(ep opts.NetworkAttachmentOpts) (*network.Endpoint
 	if strings.TrimSpace(ep.Target) == "" {
 		return nil, errors.New("no name set for network")
 	}
-	if !container.NetworkMode(ep.Target).IsUserDefined() {
+	if !isUserDefinedNetwork(container.NetworkMode(ep.Target)) {
 		if len(ep.Aliases) > 0 {
 			return nil, errors.New("network-scoped aliases are only supported for user-defined networks")
 		}

act/container/docker_create_flags.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_images.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright 2020 The nektos/act Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_logger.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright 2020 The nektos/act Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_network.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright 2023 The nektos/act Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_platform.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright 2025 The nektos/act Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_proxy.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 
@@ -40,7 +40,9 @@ const (
 	jobLabel      = "com.gitea.runner.job."
 	maxCreateBody = 8 << 20
 
-	dockerProxyProbeTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+	dockerProxyProbeTimeout       = 5 * time.Second
+	dockerProxyProbeWorkerTimeout = time.Minute
+	dockerProxyProbeTarget        = "/gitea-runner-probe"
 )
 
 var (
@@ -48,7 +50,7 @@ var (
 	rawStreamPath = regexp.MustCompile(`^(/v[0-9.]+)?/(containers/[^/]+/attach|exec/[^/]+/start)$`)
 )
 
-var dockerProxyDirectories, dockerProxyProbes sync.Map
+var dockerProxyProbes sync.Map
 
 type dockerProxyDirectory struct {
 	dir, daemonDir string
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ func NewDockerProxy(ctx context.Context, job string) *DockerProxy {
 	}
 	probeCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, dockerProxyProbeTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
-	cli, err := GetDockerClient(probeCtx)
+	cli, err := client.New(client.FromEnv) // negotiates on first request, so a cached probe costs no round trip
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -83,65 +85,69 @@ func NewDockerProxy(ctx context.Context, job string) *DockerProxy {
 	}
 	workdir, _ := os.Getwd()
 	key := [3]string{cli.DaemonHost(), workdir, os.TempDir()}
-	cached, _ := dockerProxyDirectories.Load(key)
-	directory, seen := cached.(dockerProxyDirectory)
-	seen = seen && os.SameFile(directory.socket, socket) // daemon replacement invalidates cached paths
-	if !seen {
-		directory, seen, err = probeDockerProxyDirectory(probeCtx, cli, key, socket)
-	}
+	probe, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(probeCtx, cli, key, socket)
 	if err != nil {
 		common.Logger(ctx).Infof("docker proxy probe failed, jobs get the daemon socket directly: %v", err)
 		return nil
 	}
-	if !seen {
+	if !probe.seen {
 		common.Logger(ctx).Infof("the docker daemon cannot reach the runner's temporary or working directory, jobs get the daemon socket directly")
 		return nil
 	}
 	if ctx.Err() != nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	proxy, err := StartDockerProxy(daemonSocket, directory.dir, job)
+	proxy, err := StartDockerProxy(daemonSocket, probe.directory.dir, job)
 	if err != nil {
-		dockerProxyDirectories.Delete(key)
+		dockerProxyProbes.CompareAndDelete(key, probe)
 		common.Logger(ctx).Warnf("docker proxy not started, the job gets the daemon socket directly: %v", err)
 		return nil
 	}
-	dockerProxyDirectories.Store(key, directory)
-	proxy.Socket = directory.daemonDir + strings.TrimPrefix(proxy.Socket, directory.dir)
+	proxy.Socket = probe.directory.daemonDir + strings.TrimPrefix(proxy.Socket, probe.directory.dir)
 	return proxy
 }
 
-func probeDockerProxyDirectory(ctx context.Context, cli client.APIClient, key [3]string, socket os.FileInfo) (dockerProxyDirectory, bool, error) {
+func probeDockerProxyDirectory(ctx context.Context, cli client.APIClient, key [3]string, socket os.FileInfo) (*dockerProxyProbe, error) {
 	for {
 		probe := &dockerProxyProbe{directory: dockerProxyDirectory{socket: socket}, done: make(chan struct{})}
 		actual, loaded := dockerProxyProbes.LoadOrStore(key, probe)
 		if loaded {
 			probe, _ = actual.(*dockerProxyProbe)
-			if !os.SameFile(probe.directory.socket, socket) {
+			if !os.SameFile(probe.directory.socket, socket) { // daemon replacement invalidates cached paths
 				dockerProxyProbes.CompareAndDelete(key, probe)
 				continue
 			}
-			select {
-			case <-ctx.Done():
-				return dockerProxyDirectory{}, false, ctx.Err()
-			case <-probe.done:
-			}
-			if ctx.Err() == nil && (errors.Is(probe.err, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(probe.err, context.DeadlineExceeded)) {
-				continue
-			}
 		} else {
-			probe.directory.dir, probe.directory.daemonDir = runnerContainerWorkdir(ctx, cli)
-			probe.seen = probe.directory.daemonDir != ""
-			if !probe.seen {
-				if probe.directory.dir, probe.err = filepath.Abs(key[2]); probe.err == nil {
-					probe.directory.daemonDir = probe.directory.dir
-					probe.seen, probe.err = daemonSeesDir(ctx, cli, probe.directory.dir, probe.directory.daemonDir)
+			go func() { // outlives callers' deadlines so a slow daemon still gets its result cached
+				defer cli.Close()
+				ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), dockerProxyProbeWorkerTimeout)
+				defer cancel()
+				probe.directory.dir, probe.directory.daemonDir = runnerContainerWorkdir(ctx, cli)
+				probe.seen = probe.directory.daemonDir != ""
+				if !probe.seen {
+					if probe.directory.dir, probe.err = filepath.Abs(key[2]); probe.err == nil {
+						probe.directory.daemonDir = probe.directory.dir
+						probe.seen, probe.err = daemonSeesDir(ctx, cli, probe.directory.dir, probe.directory.daemonDir)
+					}
 				}
-			}
-			dockerProxyProbes.CompareAndDelete(key, probe)
-			close(probe.done)
+				if probe.seen {
+					dockerProxyProbes.LoadOrStore(key, probe)
+				} else {
+					dockerProxyProbes.CompareAndDelete(key, probe)
+				}
+				close(probe.done)
+				removeStaleProbeContainers(cli)
+			}()
 		}
-		return probe.directory, probe.seen, probe.err
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return &dockerProxyProbe{}, ctx.Err()
+		case <-probe.done:
+		}
+		if ctx.Err() == nil && errors.Is(probe.err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+			continue
+		}
+		return probe, probe.err
 	}
 }
 
@@ -200,7 +206,7 @@ func daemonSeesDir(ctx context.Context, cli client.APIClient, dir, daemonDir str
 		created, err = cli.ContainerCreate(ctx, client.ContainerCreateOptions{
 			Config: &container.Config{Image: image.ID, Cmd: []string{"true"}},
 			HostConfig: &container.HostConfig{Mounts: []mount.Mount{
-				{Type: mount.TypeBind, Source: daemonDir, Target: "/gitea-runner-probe", ReadOnly: true}, // not the marker itself, podman creates a missing bind source where docker rejects it
+				{Type: mount.TypeBind, Source: daemonDir, Target: dockerProxyProbeTarget, ReadOnly: true}, // not the marker itself, podman creates a missing bind source where docker rejects it
 			}},
 		})
 		if !cerrdefs.IsNotFound(err) {
@@ -213,7 +219,7 @@ func daemonSeesDir(ctx context.Context, cli client.APIClient, dir, daemonDir str
 	if err != nil {
 		return false, err
 	}
-	seen, err := containerSeesMarker(ctx, cli, dir, created.ID, "/gitea-runner-probe")
+	seen, err := containerSeesMarker(ctx, cli, dir, created.ID, dockerProxyProbeTarget)
 	cleanupCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.WithoutCancel(ctx), dockerProxyProbeTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
 	if _, removeErr := cli.ContainerRemove(cleanupCtx, created.ID, client.ContainerRemoveOptions{Force: true, RemoveVolumes: true}); removeErr != nil {
@@ -222,6 +228,36 @@ func daemonSeesDir(ctx context.Context, cli client.APIClient, dir, daemonDir str
 	return seen, err
 }
 
+// removeStaleProbeContainers removes probe containers left by abandoned creates once any probe in flight when listed has ended.
+func removeStaleProbeContainers(cli client.APIClient) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), dockerProxyProbeTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	listed, err := cli.ContainerList(ctx, client.ContainerListOptions{
+		All:     true,
+		Filters: make(client.Filters).Add("status", string(container.StateCreated)).Add("volume", dockerProxyProbeTarget),
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		common.Logger(ctx).Warnf("listing stale docker proxy probe containers failed: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	listed.Items = slices.DeleteFunc(listed.Items, func(stale container.Summary) bool {
+		return stale.State != container.StateCreated || !slices.ContainsFunc(stale.Mounts, func(mountPoint container.MountPoint) bool {
+			return mountPoint.Type == mount.TypeBind && !mountPoint.RW && mountPoint.Destination == dockerProxyProbeTarget
+		})
+	})
+	if len(listed.Items) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	time.Sleep(dockerProxyProbeWorkerTimeout + dockerProxyProbeTimeout)
+	for _, stale := range listed.Items {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), dockerProxyProbeTimeout)
+		if err := (&containerReference{cli: cli, id: stale.ID}).remove()(ctx); err != nil {
+			common.Logger(ctx).Warnf("removing stale docker proxy probe container failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		cancel()
+	}
+}
+
 // StartDockerProxy serves a job's docker socket in dir, labelling what the job creates through it.
 func StartDockerProxy(daemonSocket, dir, job string) (*DockerProxy, error) {
 	info, err := os.Stat(daemonSocket)

act/container/docker_proxy_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 
@@ -94,6 +94,8 @@ func TestDockerProxy(t *testing.T) {
 				return
 			}
 			_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`[{"Id":"probe-image"}]`))
+		case strings.HasSuffix(r.URL.Path, "/containers/json"):
+			_, _ = w.Write([]byte(`[]`))
 		case strings.HasSuffix(r.URL.Path, "/json"):
 			http.NotFound(w, r)
 		case strings.HasSuffix(r.URL.Path, "/archive"):
@@ -235,7 +237,8 @@ func TestDockerProxy(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Skip("automatic proxy discovery requires Linux")
 		}
 		t.Setenv("DOCKER_HOST", "unix://"+daemonSocket)
-		t.Setenv("TMPDIR", shortTempDir(t))
+		tempDir := shortTempDir(t)
+		t.Setenv("TMPDIR", tempDir)
 		require.Nil(t, NewDockerProxy(t.Context(), "failed"))
 		for _, job := range []string{"first", "second"} {
 			proxy := NewDockerProxy(t.Context(), job)
@@ -243,12 +246,10 @@ func TestDockerProxy(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NoError(t, proxy.Close(context.Background()))
 		}
 		assert.EqualValues(t, 2, probes.Load())
-		dockerProxyDirectories.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
-			directory, _ := value.(dockerProxyDirectory)
-			directory.socket, _ = os.Stat(t.TempDir())
-			dockerProxyDirectories.Store(key, directory)
-			return true
-		})
+		workdir, err := os.Getwd()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		cached, _ := dockerProxyProbes.Load([3]string{"unix://" + daemonSocket, workdir, tempDir})
+		cached.(*dockerProxyProbe).directory.socket, _ = os.Stat(t.TempDir())
 		proxy := NewDockerProxy(t.Context(), "replaced daemon")
 		require.NotNil(t, proxy)
 		require.NoError(t, proxy.Close(context.Background()))
@@ -476,10 +477,27 @@ func BenchmarkDockerProxy(b *testing.B) {
 
 type probeClient struct {
 	mobyclient.APIClient
-	create func(mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error)
-	remove func(context.Context, string, mobyclient.ContainerRemoveOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerRemoveResult, error)
-	stat   func(string) error
-	mounts []container.MountPoint
+	create     func(context.Context, mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error)
+	remove     func(context.Context, string, mobyclient.ContainerRemoveOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerRemoveResult, error)
+	stat       func(string) error
+	mounts     []container.MountPoint
+	containers []container.Summary
+}
+
+func (c *probeClient) Info(_ctx context.Context, _opts mobyclient.InfoOptions) (mobyclient.SystemInfoResult, error) {
+	return mobyclient.SystemInfoResult{}, nil
+}
+
+func (c *probeClient) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *probeClient) ContainerList(context.Context, mobyclient.ContainerListOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerListResult, error) {
+	return mobyclient.ContainerListResult{Items: c.containers}, nil
+}
+
+func (c *probeClient) ContainerKill(context.Context, string, mobyclient.ContainerKillOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerKillResult, error) {
+	return mobyclient.ContainerKillResult{}, cerrdefs.ErrConflict
 }
 
 func (c *probeClient) ContainerInspect(context.Context, string, mobyclient.ContainerInspectOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerInspectResult, error) {
@@ -490,8 +508,8 @@ func (c *probeClient) ImageList(context.Context, mobyclient.ImageListOptions) (m
 	return mobyclient.ImageListResult{Items: []image.Summary{{ID: "removed-image"}, {ID: "probe-image"}}}, nil
 }
 
-func (c *probeClient) ContainerCreate(_ context.Context, opts mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error) {
-	return c.create(opts)
+func (c *probeClient) ContainerCreate(ctx context.Context, opts mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error) {
+	return c.create(ctx, opts)
 }
 
 func (c *probeClient) ContainerRemove(ctx context.Context, id string, opts mobyclient.ContainerRemoveOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerRemoveResult, error) {
@@ -518,7 +536,7 @@ func TestDockerProxyDirectoryProbes(t *testing.T) {
 				var calls, removals atomic.Int32
 				visible := false
 				cli := &probeClient{
-					create: func(_opts mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error) {
+					create: func(_ctx context.Context, _opts mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error) {
 						calls.Add(1)
 						<-release
 						return mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult{ID: "probe"}, createErr
@@ -538,23 +556,18 @@ func TestDockerProxyDirectoryProbes(t *testing.T) {
 				results := make(chan result, 8)
 				for range cap(results) {
 					go func() {
-						_, seen, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(t.Context(), cli, key, socket)
-						results <- result{seen, err}
+						probe, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(t.Context(), cli, key, socket)
+						results <- result{probe.seen, err}
 					}()
 				}
 				synctest.Wait()
 				assert.EqualValues(t, 1, calls.Load())
-				ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
-				cancel()
-				_, seen, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(ctx, cli, key, socket)
-				require.ErrorIs(t, err, context.Canceled)
-				assert.False(t, seen)
 				replacement, err := os.Stat(t.TempDir())
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				replaced := make(chan result, 1)
 				go func() {
-					_, seen, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(t.Context(), cli, key, replacement)
-					replaced <- result{seen, err}
+					probe, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(t.Context(), cli, key, replacement)
+					replaced <- result{probe.seen, err}
 				}()
 				synctest.Wait()
 				assert.EqualValues(t, 2, calls.Load())
@@ -574,11 +587,11 @@ func TestDockerProxyDirectoryProbes(t *testing.T) {
 					assert.Zero(t, removals.Load())
 				}
 				createErr, visible = nil, true
-				directory, seen, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(t.Context(), cli, key, socket)
+				probe, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(t.Context(), cli, key, socket)
 				require.NoError(t, err)
-				assert.True(t, seen)
-				assert.Equal(t, dir, directory.dir)
-				assert.Equal(t, dir, directory.daemonDir)
+				assert.True(t, probe.seen)
+				assert.Equal(t, dir, probe.directory.dir)
+				assert.Equal(t, dir, probe.directory.daemonDir)
 				assert.EqualValues(t, 3, calls.Load())
 				entries, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
 				require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -586,7 +599,7 @@ func TestDockerProxyDirectoryProbes(t *testing.T) {
 			})
 		})
 	}
-	t.Run("cancelled probe does not cancel another caller", func(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("cancelled caller leaves the probe to finish for the others", func(t *testing.T) {
 		synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
 			dir := t.TempDir()
 			socket, err := os.Stat(t.TempDir())
@@ -595,49 +608,105 @@ func TestDockerProxyDirectoryProbes(t *testing.T) {
 			ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
 			defer cancel()
 			release := make(chan struct{})
-			calls := 0
+			var calls, removals atomic.Int32
 			cli := &probeClient{
-				create: func(_opts mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error) {
-					calls++
-					if calls == 1 {
-						<-release
+				create: func(ctx context.Context, _opts mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error) {
+					calls.Add(1)
+					<-release
+					return mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult{ID: "probe"}, ctx.Err()
+				},
+				stat: func(_path string) error { return nil },
+				remove: func(_ctx context.Context, _id string, _opts mobyclient.ContainerRemoveOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerRemoveResult, error) {
+					removals.Add(1)
+					return mobyclient.ContainerRemoveResult{}, nil
+				},
+			}
+			leader, follower, late := make(chan result, 1), make(chan result, 1), make(chan result, 1)
+			go func() {
+				probe, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(ctx, cli, key, socket)
+				leader <- result{probe.seen, err}
+			}()
+			synctest.Wait()
+			go func() {
+				probe, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(t.Context(), cli, key, socket)
+				follower <- result{probe.seen, err}
+			}()
+			synctest.Wait()
+			cancel()
+			leaderResult := <-leader
+			require.ErrorIs(t, leaderResult.err, context.Canceled)
+			assert.False(t, leaderResult.seen)
+			go func() {
+				probe, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(t.Context(), cli, key, socket)
+				late <- result{probe.seen, err}
+			}()
+			synctest.Wait()
+			close(release)
+			for _, results := range []chan result{follower, late} {
+				result := <-results
+				require.NoError(t, result.err)
+				assert.True(t, result.seen)
+			}
+			assert.EqualValues(t, 1, calls.Load())
+			assert.EqualValues(t, 1, removals.Load())
+			_, cached := dockerProxyProbes.Load(key)
+			assert.True(t, cached)
+		})
+	})
+	t.Run("caller joining a probe that ran out of time retries", func(t *testing.T) {
+		synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+			dir := t.TempDir()
+			socket, err := os.Stat(t.TempDir())
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			var calls atomic.Int32
+			cli := &probeClient{
+				create: func(ctx context.Context, _opts mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error) {
+					if calls.Add(1) == 1 {
+						<-ctx.Done()
 						return mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult{}, ctx.Err()
-					} else {
-						return mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult{ID: "probe"}, nil
 					}
+					return mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult{ID: "probe"}, nil
 				},
 				stat: func(_path string) error { return nil },
 				remove: func(_ctx context.Context, _id string, _opts mobyclient.ContainerRemoveOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerRemoveResult, error) {
 					return mobyclient.ContainerRemoveResult{}, nil
 				},
 			}
-			leader, follower := make(chan result, 1), make(chan result, 1)
-			go func() {
-				_, seen, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(ctx, cli, key, socket)
-				leader <- result{seen, err}
-			}()
-			synctest.Wait()
-			go func() {
-				_, seen, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(t.Context(), cli, key, socket)
-				follower <- result{seen, err}
-			}()
-			synctest.Wait()
-			assert.Equal(t, 1, calls)
-			cancel()
-			close(release)
-			leaderResult, followerResult := <-leader, <-follower
-			require.ErrorIs(t, leaderResult.err, context.Canceled)
-			assert.False(t, leaderResult.seen)
-			require.NoError(t, followerResult.err)
-			assert.True(t, followerResult.seen)
-			assert.Equal(t, 2, calls)
+			probe, err := probeDockerProxyDirectory(t.Context(), cli, [3]string{"daemon", dir, dir}, socket)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.True(t, probe.seen)
+			assert.EqualValues(t, 2, calls.Load())
 		})
 	})
 }
 
+func TestRemoveStaleProbeContainers(t *testing.T) {
+	synctest.Test(t, func(t *testing.T) {
+		probeMount := container.MountPoint{Type: mount.TypeBind, Destination: "/gitea-runner-probe"}
+		writableMount := container.MountPoint{Type: mount.TypeBind, Destination: "/gitea-runner-probe", RW: true}
+		var removed []string
+		cli := &probeClient{
+			containers: []container.Summary{
+				{ID: "abandoned", State: container.StateCreated, Mounts: []container.MountPoint{probeMount}},
+				{ID: "foreign", State: container.StateCreated, Mounts: []container.MountPoint{writableMount}},
+				{ID: "started", State: container.StateExited, Mounts: []container.MountPoint{probeMount}},
+			},
+			remove: func(_ctx context.Context, id string, _opts mobyclient.ContainerRemoveOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerRemoveResult, error) {
+				removed = append(removed, id)
+				return mobyclient.ContainerRemoveResult{}, nil
+			},
+		}
+		start := time.Now()
+		removeStaleProbeContainers(cli)
+		assert.Equal(t, []string{"abandoned"}, removed)
+		assert.GreaterOrEqual(t, time.Since(start), dockerProxyProbeWorkerTimeout+dockerProxyProbeTimeout)
+	})
+}
+
 func TestDaemonSeesDir(t *testing.T) {
 	dir := t.TempDir()
 	markers := make(map[string]bool)
+
 	for _, testCase := range []struct {
 		name      string
 		daemonDir string
@@ -656,7 +725,7 @@ func TestDaemonSeesDir(t *testing.T) {
 			removed := false
 			var attemptedImages []string
 			cli := &probeClient{
-				create: func(opts mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error) {
+				create: func(_ctx context.Context, opts mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error) {
 					assert.Equal(t, []mount.Mount{{Type: mount.TypeBind, Source: testCase.daemonDir, Target: "/gitea-runner-probe", ReadOnly: true}}, opts.HostConfig.Mounts)
 					attemptedImages = append(attemptedImages, opts.Config.Image)
 					if opts.Config.Image == "removed-image" {
@@ -692,6 +761,7 @@ func TestDaemonSeesDir(t *testing.T) {
 			assert.Equal(t, []string{"removed-image", "probe-image"}, attemptedImages)
 			assert.Equal(t, testCase.seen, seen)
 			assert.Equal(t, testCase.removed, removed)
+
 			entries, err := os.ReadDir(dir)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			assert.Empty(t, entries)
@@ -700,6 +770,9 @@ func TestDaemonSeesDir(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRunnerContainerWorkdir(t *testing.T) {
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		t.Skip("a runner container is Linux")
+	}
 	workdir := t.TempDir()
 	t.Chdir(workdir)
 	volume := container.MountPoint{Type: mount.TypeVolume, Source: "/daemon/_data", Destination: filepath.Dir(workdir)}

act/container/docker_proxy_unix.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !WITHOUT_DOCKER && (linux || darwin || netbsd)
+//go:build !WITHOUT_DOCKER && (linux || darwin || netbsd || freebsd)
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_pull.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright 2020 The nektos/act Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import (
 
 // NewDockerPullExecutor function to create a run executor for the container
 func NewDockerPullExecutor(input NewDockerPullExecutorInput) common.Executor {
-	return func(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return common.Executor(func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		logger := common.Logger(ctx)
 		logger.Debugf("docker pull %v", input.Image)
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ func NewDockerPullExecutor(input NewDockerPullExecutorInput) common.Executor {
 			return nil
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to pull image '%s' (%s): %w", imageRef, input.Platform, err)
-	}
+	}).Retry(3)
 }
 
 func getImagePullOptions(ctx context.Context, input NewDockerPullExecutorInput) (client.ImagePullOptions, error) {

act/container/docker_run.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright 2020 The nektos/act Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 
@@ -366,6 +366,7 @@ type containerReference struct {
 	id         string
 	input      *NewContainerInput
 	pullPolicy string
+	daemonOS   string
 	UID        int
 	GID        int
 	// attachDone is closed by the attach() streaming goroutine once it has
@@ -375,13 +376,18 @@ type containerReference struct {
 	LinuxContainerEnvironmentExtensions
 }
 
-func GetDockerClient(ctx context.Context) (cli client.APIClient, err error) {
+func GetDockerClient(ctx context.Context) (client.APIClient, error) {
+	cli, _, err := newDockerClient(ctx)
+	return cli, err
+}
+
+func newDockerClient(ctx context.Context) (cli client.APIClient, daemonOS string, err error) {
 	dockerHost := os.Getenv("DOCKER_HOST")
 
 	if strings.HasPrefix(dockerHost, "ssh://") {
 		var args []string
 		if args, err = sshArgs(dockerHost); err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, "", err
 		}
 		cli, err = client.New(
 			client.WithHost("http://docker.example.com"), // the dialer below ignores the address
@@ -391,16 +397,17 @@ func GetDockerClient(ctx context.Context) (cli client.APIClient, err error) {
 		cli, err = client.New(client.FromEnv)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to docker daemon: %w", err)
+		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to docker daemon: %w", err)
 	}
 	// Best-effort API version negotiation, matching the old client.NegotiateAPIVersion
 	// behaviour. Ping failures here are non-fatal: the connection is exercised again on
 	// the first real call, and the client falls back to the daemon's default API version.
-	if _, err := cli.Ping(ctx, client.PingOptions{NegotiateAPIVersion: true}); err != nil {
+	ping, err := cli.Ping(ctx, client.PingOptions{NegotiateAPIVersion: true})
+	if err != nil {
 		common.Logger(ctx).Warnf("docker daemon ping during version negotiation failed, continuing: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	return cli, nil
+	return cli, ping.OSType, nil
 }
 
 func GetHostInfo(ctx context.Context) (system.Info, error) {
@@ -440,16 +447,32 @@ func RunnerArch(ctx context.Context) string {
 	return info.Architecture
 }
 
+func (cr *containerReference) targetOS(ctx context.Context) string {
+	if cr.daemonOS == "" {
+		cr.daemonOS = "linux"
+		if cr.cli != nil {
+			if result, err := cr.cli.Info(ctx, client.InfoOptions{}); err == nil && result.Info.OSType != "" {
+				cr.daemonOS = result.Info.OSType
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return cr.daemonOS
+}
+
+func (cr *containerReference) markExecutable(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	return hostOS == "windows" && cr.targetOS(ctx) == "linux"
+}
+
 func (cr *containerReference) connect() common.Executor {
 	return func(ctx context.Context) error {
 		if cr.cli != nil {
 			return nil
 		}
-		cli, err := GetDockerClient(ctx)
+		cli, daemonOS, err := newDockerClient(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		cr.cli = cli
+		cr.cli, cr.daemonOS = cli, daemonOS
 		return nil
 	}
 }
@@ -459,6 +482,7 @@ func (cr *containerReference) Close() common.Executor {
 		if cr.cli != nil {
 			err := cr.cli.Close()
 			cr.cli = nil
+			cr.daemonOS = ""
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("failed to close client: %w", err)
 			}
@@ -603,7 +627,8 @@ func (cr *containerReference) mergeContainerConfigs(ctx context.Context, config
 		copts.privileged = false
 	}
 
-	containerConfig, err := parse(flags, copts, runtime.GOOS)
+	serverOS := cr.targetOS(ctx)
+	containerConfig, err := parse(flags, copts, serverOS)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("cannot process container options: '%s': '%w'", options, err)
 	}
@@ -618,7 +643,7 @@ func (cr *containerReference) mergeContainerConfigs(ctx context.Context, config
 
 	// For Gitea, forcing --privileged off is not enough, other options reach the host too
 	if !hostConfig.Privileged {
-		trusted, err := parseOptionsHostConfig(cr.input.RunnerOptions)
+		trusted, err := parseOptionsHostConfig(cr.input.RunnerOptions, serverOS)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -731,9 +756,7 @@ func (cr *containerReference) create(capAdd, capDrop []string) common.Executor {
 		cr.sanitizeConfig(ctx, hostConfig)
 
 		var networkingConfig *network.NetworkingConfig
-		n := hostConfig.NetworkMode
-		// IsUserDefined and IsHost are broken on windows
-		if n.IsUserDefined() && n != "host" && len(input.NetworkAliases) > 0 {
+		if isUserDefinedNetwork(hostConfig.NetworkMode) && len(input.NetworkAliases) > 0 {
 			networkingConfig = &network.NetworkingConfig{
 				EndpointsConfig: map[string]*network.EndpointSettings{
 					input.NetworkMode: {Aliases: input.NetworkAliases},
@@ -919,7 +942,7 @@ func (cr *containerReference) copyDir(dstPath, srcPath string, useGitIgnore, ski
 		if actPath := cr.GetActPath(); strings.HasPrefix(dstPath+"/", actPath+"/") {
 			extractionRoot = actPath // keeps tar entries from crossing the image's /var/run symlink
 		}
-		if err := writeDirTar(ctx, tarFile, path.Join("/", strings.TrimPrefix(dstPath, extractionRoot)), srcPath, useGitIgnore, skipGitDir, cr.UID, cr.GID); err != nil {
+		if err := writeDirTar(ctx, tarFile, path.Join("/", strings.TrimPrefix(dstPath, extractionRoot)), srcPath, useGitIgnore, skipGitDir, cr.UID, cr.GID, cr.markExecutable(ctx)); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
@@ -1090,12 +1113,12 @@ func resetOption[T any](logger *logging.Logger, option string, field *T, trusted
 
 // parseOptionsHostConfig parses one options string on its own, to see what it alone asks for.
 // Even "" goes through the parser, or its empty slices and maps would differ from a real parse.
-func parseOptionsHostConfig(options string) (*container.HostConfig, error) {
+func parseOptionsHostConfig(options, serverOS string) (*container.HostConfig, error) {
 	flags, copts, _, err := parseContainerOptions(options)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	containerConfig, err := parse(flags, copts, runtime.GOOS)
+	containerConfig, err := parse(flags, copts, serverOS)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("cannot process container options: '%s': '%w'", options, err)
 	}

act/container/docker_run_test.go

@@ -27,10 +27,12 @@ import (
 	"gitea.com/gitea/runner/act/common/logging/logtest"
 
 	cerrdefs "github.com/containerd/errdefs"
+	"github.com/kballard/go-shellquote"
 	"github.com/moby/moby/api/pkg/stdcopy"
 	"github.com/moby/moby/api/types/container"
 	"github.com/moby/moby/api/types/mount"
 	"github.com/moby/moby/api/types/network"
+	"github.com/moby/moby/api/types/system"
 	mobyclient "github.com/moby/moby/client"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
@@ -65,6 +67,14 @@ func TestDockerEnvironmentUsesContainerPath(t *testing.T) {
 type mockDockerClient struct {
 	mobyclient.APIClient
 	mock.Mock
+	info      system.Info
+	infoErr   error
+	infoCalls int
+}
+
+func (m *mockDockerClient) Info(_ctx context.Context, _opts mobyclient.InfoOptions) (mobyclient.SystemInfoResult, error) {
+	m.infoCalls++
+	return mobyclient.SystemInfoResult{Info: m.info}, m.infoErr
 }
 
 func (m *mockDockerClient) ServerVersion(ctx context.Context, opts mobyclient.ServerVersionOptions) (mobyclient.ServerVersionResult, error) {
@@ -530,6 +540,9 @@ func TestRejectsMissingContainer(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestPublicCopyPipelineHandlesStaleID(t *testing.T) {
+	source := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(source, "x"), nil, 0o644))
+
 	for _, testcase := range []struct {
 		name, destination, extractionRoot, entry string
 		directory                                bool
@@ -557,8 +570,6 @@ func TestPublicCopyPipelineHandlesStaleID(t *testing.T) {
 
 			cr := &containerReference{id: "stale", cli: client, input: &NewContainerInput{Name: "job-1"}}
 			if testcase.directory {
-				source := t.TempDir()
-				require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(source, "x"), nil, 0o644))
 				require.NoError(t, cr.CopyDir(testcase.destination, source+string(filepath.Separator), false, true)(ctx))
 			} else {
 				require.NoError(t, cr.Copy(testcase.destination, &FileEntry{Name: "x", Mode: 0o644})(ctx))
@@ -689,11 +700,11 @@ func TestMergeContainerConfigsDropsVolumeDriversFromWorkflows(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestMergeContainerConfigsKeepsTheRunnersFilesAndEnvToItself(t *testing.T) {
-	hostFile := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "host.env")
+	hostFile := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "host file.env")
 	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(hostFile, []byte("STOLEN=from-the-host\n"), 0o600))
 	t.Setenv("RUNNER_SECRET", "s3cr3t")
 
-	for _, option := range []string{"--env-file " + hostFile, "--label-file " + hostFile} {
+	for _, option := range []string{shellquote.Join("--env-file", hostFile), shellquote.Join("--label-file", hostFile)} {
 		logger := logging.New(logtest.New())
 		cr := &containerReference{input: &NewContainerInput{NetworkMode: "bridge", WorkflowOptions: option}}
 
@@ -933,6 +944,7 @@ func TestContainerInfoFromInspect(t *testing.T) {
 			"/etc/hosts":                "",
 			"/etc/hostname":             "",
 		}, info.Mounts)
+		assert.Equal(t, "/var/lib/docker/volumes/job/_data/subdir", info.DaemonPath("/workspace/owner/repo/subdir"))
 	})
 }
 
@@ -980,7 +992,7 @@ func TestDockerCreateKeepsInputEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 					RunnerOptions:   "--entrypoint=runner-entrypoint",
 					WorkflowOptions: "--entrypoint=" + optionEntrypoint + " --init",
 				},
-				cli: &probeClient{create: func(opts mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error) {
+				cli: &probeClient{create: func(_ctx context.Context, opts mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error) {
 					if len(entrypoint) > 0 {
 						assert.Equal(t, entrypoint, opts.Config.Entrypoint)
 					} else {
@@ -998,6 +1010,39 @@ func TestDockerCreateKeepsInputEntrypoint(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestDockerCreateNetworkAliases(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range []struct {
+		networkMode string
+		wantAliases bool
+	}{
+		{"job-network", true},
+		{"host", false},
+		{"bridge", false},
+		{"default", false},
+		{"none", false},
+		{"container:x", false},
+	} {
+		t.Run(test.networkMode, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cr := &containerReference{
+				input: &NewContainerInput{NetworkMode: test.networkMode, NetworkAliases: []string{"service"}},
+				cli: &probeClient{create: func(_ctx context.Context, opts mobyclient.ContainerCreateOptions) (mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult, error) {
+					assert.Equal(t, container.NetworkMode(test.networkMode), opts.HostConfig.NetworkMode)
+					if test.wantAliases {
+						assert.Equal(t, &network.NetworkingConfig{EndpointsConfig: map[string]*network.EndpointSettings{
+							"job-network": {Aliases: []string{"service"}},
+						}}, opts.NetworkingConfig)
+					} else {
+						assert.Nil(t, opts.NetworkingConfig)
+					}
+					return mobyclient.ContainerCreateResult{ID: "created"}, nil
+				}},
+			}
+			require.NoError(t, cr.create(nil, nil)(t.Context()))
+			assert.Equal(t, "created", cr.id)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestMergeContainerConfigsKeepsNetworkAliasesFromOptions(t *testing.T) {
 	logger := logging.New(logtest.New())
 	cr := &containerReference{input: &NewContainerInput{
@@ -1019,3 +1064,93 @@ func TestSupportsContainerImagePlatformDaemonError(t *testing.T) {
 	require.ErrorContains(t, err, "cannot connect to the Docker daemon")
 	assert.False(t, supported)
 }
+
+func TestContainerOptionsUseDaemonOS(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, testcase := range []struct {
+		name     string
+		serverOS string
+		infoErr  error
+		device   string
+		expected container.DeviceMapping
+	}{
+		{name: "Linux daemon", serverOS: "linux", device: "/dev/kvm:/dev/kvm:rwm", expected: container.DeviceMapping{PathOnHost: "/dev/kvm", PathInContainer: "/dev/kvm", CgroupPermissions: "rwm"}},
+		{name: "unknown daemon", device: "/dev/kvm:/dev/kvm:rwm", expected: container.DeviceMapping{PathOnHost: "/dev/kvm", PathInContainer: "/dev/kvm", CgroupPermissions: "rwm"}},
+		{name: "unavailable daemon info", infoErr: errors.New("unavailable"), device: "/dev/kvm:/dev/kvm:rwm", expected: container.DeviceMapping{PathOnHost: "/dev/kvm", PathInContainer: "/dev/kvm", CgroupPermissions: "rwm"}},
+		{name: "Windows daemon", serverOS: "windows", device: "class/01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef", expected: container.DeviceMapping{PathOnHost: "class/01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef"}},
+	} {
+		t.Run(testcase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			cli := &mockDockerClient{info: system.Info{OSType: testcase.serverOS}, infoErr: testcase.infoErr}
+			cr := &containerReference{cli: cli, input: &NewContainerInput{RunnerOptions: "--device=" + testcase.device, WorkflowOptions: "--device=" + testcase.device, NetworkMode: "bridge"}}
+			for range 2 {
+				hostConfig := &container.HostConfig{}
+				require.NoError(t, cr.mergeContainerConfigs(t.Context(), &container.Config{}, hostConfig))
+				assert.Equal(t, []container.DeviceMapping{testcase.expected}, hostConfig.Devices)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, 1, cli.infoCalls)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConnectTakesDaemonOSFromPing(t *testing.T) {
+	var infos atomic.Int32
+	daemon := httptest.NewServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(writer http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+		writer.Header().Set("API-Version", "1.47")
+		writer.Header().Set("OSType", "windows")
+		if strings.HasSuffix(request.URL.Path, "/info") {
+			infos.Add(1)
+		}
+	}))
+	t.Cleanup(daemon.Close)
+	t.Setenv("DOCKER_HOST", daemon.URL)
+	cr := &containerReference{input: &NewContainerInput{}}
+	require.NoError(t, cr.connect()(t.Context()))
+	assert.Equal(t, "windows", cr.targetOS(t.Context()))
+	assert.Zero(t, infos.Load())
+}
+
+func TestContainerCopyModes(t *testing.T) {
+	source := t.TempDir()
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(source, "run.sh"), []byte("#!/bin/sh\n"), 0o666))
+	require.NoError(t, os.Chmod(filepath.Join(source, "run.sh"), 0o666))
+
+	for _, testcase := range []struct {
+		hostOS, serverOS string
+		expected         int64
+	}{
+		{"windows", "linux", 0o755},
+		{"windows", "windows", 0o666},
+		{"linux", "linux", 0o666},
+	} {
+		t.Run(testcase.hostOS+"-"+testcase.serverOS, func(t *testing.T) {
+			file := &FileEntry{Name: "run.sh", Mode: 0o600, Body: "#!/bin/sh\n"}
+			original := hostOS
+			hostOS = testcase.hostOS
+			t.Cleanup(func() { hostOS = original })
+			cli := &mockDockerClient{info: system.Info{OSType: testcase.serverOS}}
+			var modes []int64
+			cli.On("CopyToContainer", mock.Anything, "job", mock.Anything).
+				Run(func(args mock.Arguments) {
+					reader := tar.NewReader(args.Get(2).(mobyclient.CopyToContainerOptions).Content)
+					header, err := reader.Next()
+					require.NoError(t, err)
+					modes = append(modes, header.Mode)
+					assert.Equal(t, "run.sh", filepath.Base(header.Name))
+					content, err := io.ReadAll(reader)
+					require.NoError(t, err)
+					assert.Equal(t, file.Body, string(content))
+					_, err = reader.Next()
+					require.ErrorIs(t, err, io.EOF)
+				}).Return(mobyclient.CopyToContainerResult{}, nil).Twice()
+			cr := &containerReference{cli: cli, id: "job", input: &NewContainerInput{}}
+			require.NoError(t, cr.copyContent("/workspace", file)(t.Context()))
+			require.NoError(t, cr.copyDir("/workspace", source+string(filepath.Separator), false, true)(t.Context()))
+			assert.Equal(t, []int64{0o600, testcase.expected}, modes)
+			if testcase.hostOS == "windows" {
+				assert.Equal(t, 1, cli.infoCalls)
+			} else {
+				assert.Zero(t, cli.infoCalls)
+			}
+			cli.AssertExpectations(t)
+		})
+	}
+}

act/container/docker_ssh.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_ssh_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd))
+//go:build !(WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd))
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_ssh_unix.go

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // Copyright 2026 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build !WITHOUT_DOCKER && (darwin || netbsd)
+//go:build !WITHOUT_DOCKER && (darwin || netbsd || freebsd)
 
 package container
 

act/container/docker_stub.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // Copyright 2023 The nektos/act Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-//go:build WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd)
+//go:build WITHOUT_DOCKER || !(linux || darwin || windows || netbsd || freebsd)
 
 package container